Kubernetes A Comprehensive Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners to Master Kubernetes Efficiently (Chloe Annable) (Z-Library)

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Kubernetes The Aultimate Abeginners Aguide Ato Aeffectively Alearn AKubernetes Astep-by- step  Mark AReed 

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© ACopyright A2019 A- AAll Arights Areserved.  It Ais Anot Alegal Ato Areproduce, Aduplicate, Aor Atransmit Aany Apart Aof Athis Adocument Ain Aeither Aelectronic Ameans Aor Ain Aprinted Aformat. ARecording Aof Athis Apublication Ais Astrictly Aprohibited Aand Aany Astorage Aof Athis Adocument Ais Anot Aallowed Aunless Awith Awritten Apermission Afrom Athe Apublisher Aexcept Afor Athe Ause Aof Abrief Aquotations Ain Aa Abook Areview. 

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Table Aof AContents  Introduction A  Chapter AOne: AA AKubernetes AOverview A  Chapter ATwo: AKubernetes AArchitecture A  Chapter AThree: AKubernetes AAPI AServer A  Chapter AFour: AKubernetes ALoad ABalancing, ANetworking Aand AIngress A  Chapter AFive: AScheduler A  Chapter ASix: AMonitoring AKubernetes A  Final AWords A 

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INTRODUCTION The Ahistory Aof Acomputer Ascience Acan Abe Acharacterized Aby Athe Adevelopment Aof Aabstractions Athat Aaim Aat Areducing Acomplexity Aand Aempowering Apeople Ato Acreate Amore Asophisticated Aapplications. AHowever, Athe Adevelopment Aof Ascalable Aand Areliable Aapplications Ais Astill Amore Achallenging Athan Ait Ashould Abe. ATo Areduce Athe Acomplexity, Acontainers Aand Acontainer Aorchestration AAPIs Asuch Aas AKubernetes Ahave Abeen Aintroduced Aas Acrucial Aabstractions Athat Aradically Asimplify Athe Adevelopment Aof Ascalable Aand Areliable Asystems. AThough Aorchestrators Aand Acontainers Aare Ain Athe Aprocess Aof Abeing Aabsorbed Ainto Athe Amainstream, Athey Ado Aa Agreat Ajob Aat Aenabling Athe Adevelopers Ato Acreate Aand Adeploy Aapplications Awith Aagility, Areliability, Aand, Aabove Aall, Aspeed.  Kubernetes Ahas Abecome Athe Ade-facto Aplatform Aused Afor Adeploying Aand Amanaging Acloud Anative Aapplications. AEvidently, Athe Aadoption Aof AKubernetes Ahas Adeveloped Ato Abe Aused Ain Amore Acomplex Aand Amission- critical Aapplications. AAs Asuch, Aenterprise Aoperations Ateams Aought Ato Abe Aconversant Awith AKubernetes Ato Aeffectively Amanage Aany Achallenges Athat Amay Aarise. ANote Athat Adeveloper Aexperience, Aoperator Aexperience, Aand Amulti-tenancy Aare Athe Acore Achallenges Athat AKubernetes Ausers Aencounter. AThough Athe Acomplexity Aof Ausing Aand Aoperating AKubernetes Amay Abe Aa Ahuge Aconcern, Aenterprises Athat Amanage Ato Aovercome Athe Achallenges Aenjoy Adifferent Abenefits, Asuch Aas Aincreased Arelease Afrequencies, Afaster Arecovery Afrom Afailures, Aquicker Aadoption Aof Acloud Atechnologies, Aand Aan

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Aimproved Acustomer Aexperience Athat, Ain Aturn, Aoffers Aa Amyriad Aof Abusiness Aadvantages. AThe Agood Anews Ais Athat Adevelopers Ahave Athe Afreedom Ato Aensure Afaster Ainnovations, Awhile Athe Aoperations Ateams Aensure Athat Aresources Aare Autilized Aefficiently Aand Acompliance Ais Aupheld.  This Abook Afocuses Aon Aexplaining Athe Amanagement Aand Adesign Aof AKubernetes Aclusters. AAs Asuch, Ait Acovers Ain Adetail Athe Acapabilities Aand Aservices Athat Aare Aprovided Aby AKubernetes Afor Aboth Adevelopers Aand Adaily Ausers. AThe Afollowing Achapters Awill Atake Athe Areader Athrough Athe Adeployment Aand Aapplication Aof AKubernetes, Awhile Ataking Ainto Aconsideration Athe Adifferent Auser Acases Aand Aenvironments. AThe Areader Awill Athen Again Aextensive Aknowledge Aabout Ahow AKubernetes Ais Aorganized, Awhen Ait Ais Abest Ato Aapply Avarious Aresources, Aand Ahow Aclusters Acan Abe Aimplemented Aand Aconfigured Aeffectively. AIn Athe Afollowing Achapters, Ayou Awill Again Aan Ain-depth Aunderstanding Aof Athe AKubernetes Aarchitecture, Athe Aclusters, Aand Ahow Athey Aare Ainstalled, Ahow Athey Aoperate, Aand Ahow Athe Asoftware Acan Abe Adeployed Athrough Aapplying Athe Abest Apractices Apossible.  If Ayou Aare Anew Ato AKubernetes, Athis Abook Aoffers Ain-depth Ainformation Athat Ahelps Ain Aunderstanding AKubernetes, Aits Abenefits, Aand Awhy Ayou Aneed Ait. AFor Ainstance, Athe Afollowing Achapters Agive Aa Adetailed Aintroduction Ato AKubernetes, Acontainers, Aand Adevelopment Aof Acontainerized Aapplications. AIt Awill Afurther Adescribe Athe AKubernetes

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Acluster Aorchestrator Aand Ahow Atools Aand AAPIs Aare Aused Ato Aimprove Athe Adelivery, Adevelopment, Aand Amaintenance Aof Adistributed Aapplications. AYou Awill Aunderstand Ahow Ato Amove Acontainer Aapplications Ainto Aproduction Aby Aapplying Athe Abest Apractices, Aand Ayou Awill Aalso Alearn Ahow AKubernetes Afits Ainto Ayour Adaily Aoperations, Aensuring Athat Ayou Aprepare Afor Aproduction-ready Acontainer Aapplication Astacks. AThis Abook Aaims Aat Ahelping Athe Areader Acomprehend Athe AKubernetes Atechnology, Aalong Awith Aeducating Aon Ahow Ato Ause Athe AKubernetes Atooling Aefficiently Aand Aeffectively, Awith Athe Aaim Aof Adeveloping Aand Adeploying Aapps Ato AKubernetes Aclusters. 

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CHAPTER ONE: A KUBERNETES OVERVIEW What Ais AKubernetes?  Kubernetes Ais Aa AGreek Aword Aused Ato Adefine Aan Aopen-source Acontainer Aorchestration Asystem Athat Ais Aautomated Afor Adeployment, Ascaling, Aand Amanagement. AThe Afirst Aversion Aof AKubernetes Awas Areleased Ain AJuly A2015 Aas Aa Acollaboration Abetween AGoogle Aand Athe ACloud ANative AComputing AFoundation A(CNCF). AIt Amakes Ait Aeasier Afor Aa Adeveloper Ato Apackage Aan Aapplication Awith Athe Avarious Aelements Ait Aneeds Aand Afinally Acome Aout Aas Aone Apackage. AFor Adevelopers Awanting Ato Acreate Amore Acomplex Aapplications Athat Arequire Avarious Aelements Ainvolving Amultiple Acontainers Aand Amachines, AKubernetes Ais Aan Aideal Asolution. AIt Acan Ahelp Aapplication Aelements Ato Arestart Aand Amove Aacross Avarious Asystems Aas Athey Aare Arequired Ato. AIt Aserves Aas Athe Abasic Aframework Athat Aallows Ausers Ato Achoose Athe Adifferent Aframeworks, Ainstruments, Aand Athe Alanguage, Aamong Aother Atools Athey Amay Aprefer. AEven Athough AKubernetes Ais Anot Aa Aplatform Aservice Atool, Athey Astill Aform Aa Agood Abasis Afor Athe Adevelopment Aof Athese Aapplications. AKubernetes Ais Adesigned Ato Ahelp Asolve Aand Aoffer Amodern Aapplication Ainfrastructure Asolutions.  Its Amain Aunit Aof Aorganization Ais Acalled Aa Apod A. AA Apod Ais Aa Agroup Aof Acontainers Athat Aare Ataken Aas Aa Agroup Aon Aa Amachine, Aand Ahas Athe

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Aability Ato Acommunicate Awith Aone Aanother Aeasily. AEach Apod Ahas Aa Aunique AIP Aaddress, Athereby Aensuring Athat Adifferent Aapplications Acan Ause Asimilar Aports Awithout Athe Arisk Aof Aconflict. AAll Acontainers Ausing Athe Aports Acan Arecognize Aeach Aother Aas Alocal Ahosts Aand Acan Atherefore Acorrelate. AThese Apods Aare Aorganized Ainto Aa Aservice Athat Aworks Atogether Ato Abecome Aa Asystem Aof Alabels Ato Astore Ametadata Ain AKubernetes. AThese Aparts Athen Acreate Aa Asystematic Aand Aconsistent Away Ato Agive Apredefined Ainstructions Avia Aa Acommand Aline Acenter. AA Apod Acan Adefine Athe Avolume Aof Aa Anetwork Adisk Aand Arelay Athe Ainformation Ato Athe Acontainers Ain Athe Apod. APods Aare Aeasily Amanaged Aby Asetting Aup Aa Acontrol Asystem, Athus Aensuring Athey Aare Aworking Aproperly.  Kubernetes Adoes Anot Alimit Athe Atypes Aof Aapplications Athat Aare Asupported, Aand Aits Amain Aobjective Ais Ato Agive Asupport Ato Aa Awide Avariety Aof Aworkloads. AIt’s Aimportant Athat Apeople Aunderstand Athat AKubernetes Adoes Anot Agive Asource Acodes, Anor Adoes Ait Abuild Athe Aworkload; Ainstead, Ait Adetermines Athe Aworkflow Aof Athe Aapplication Adevelopment Aand Athe Atechnical Arequirements. AKubernetes Adoes Anot Ado Acommand Alogging, Amonitoring, Aor Aalerting Asolutions—it Agives Aan Aintegration Ato Aa Amechanism Athat Acollects Aand Aexports Ametrics. AIt Adoes Anot Agive Aany Acomprehensive Aconfigurations Aor Amanagement Asystems, Awhich Ais Aleft Ato Athe Adeveloper Ato Aensure Athey Acreate Aa Agood, Aself- healing Asystem Ato Aprotect Atheir Aapplication. AKubernetes Acreates Aa Ano- need Aenvironment Afor Aorchestration Aand Agives Athe Auser Aa Acontinuous,

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Acurrent Astate Athat Awill Aeventually Alead Ato Athe Adesired Astate. AIt Amakes Ait Aeasier Afor Ausers Ato Amove Afrom Athe Afirst Astep Ato Athe Alast Astep, Athus Aavoiding Athe Aneed Ato Ahave Aan Aorchestration Asystem. AThis Amakes AKubernetes Aan Aeasy, Aefficient, Apowerful Aand Aresilient Asystem. AThe Aecosystem Aprovided Aby AKubernetes Aensures Athat Athere Ais Aa Amicro-based Aimplementation Ato Aaddress Athe Aconcerns Aof Amicroservice. AThe Aefficiency Aof AKubernetes Amakes Ait Athe Abest Ain Aterms Aof Ainformation Atechnology, Aand Ais Awidely Aused Aby Amany Adevelopers Ato Aensure Athat Atheir Aapplications Aand Asoftware Atools Aare Aefficient Aand Aflawless.  Kubernetes Aalso Ahas Areplica Asets Athat Aensure Aswift Amaintenance Aof Athe Anumber Aof Acontainers Athat Ahave Abeen Aassigned Ato Aone Apod. AA Aselector A, Ain Athis Acase, Ais Aused Ato Ahelp Athe Areplica Asets Awork Aproperly; Athat Ais, Ait Ahelps Ain Agood Aidentification Aof Athe Apods Athat Aare Aassociated Awith Aevery Acontainer. AThis Asorts Aout Awhat Apods Ato Aadd Ato Awhich Acontainers, Aand Awhich Ato Areduce Aor Amaintain. AKubernetes, Abeing Aa Amulti-tier Aapplication, Aoffers Atwo Amodes Aof Aservice Adiscovery, Abeginning Aby Afirst Aassigning Astable AIP Aaddresses Aand ADNS Anames Ato Athe Aservices. AThese Aensure Athat Athere Ais Ano Atraffic Ain Athe Anetwork Aand Athat Athe AIP Aaddresses Amatch Awith Athose Aof Athe Aselector. AIn Acase Aof Aany Adefaults, Athe Aservice Ais Aexposed Ainside Aor Aoutside Athe Acluster, Adepending Aon Athe Aload Aof Atraffic Ain Athe Acluster Anetwork. AAmple Astorage Ais Areadily Aavailable Ain Athe AKubernetes Acontainers, Asince Aevery Apod Arestart Atends Ato Aclear Adata Aon Athese Acontainers. AThis, Atherefore,

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Agives Athe Apod Aenough Aspace Ato Aserve Athem Afor Aa Alifetime, Aeven Athough Athis Aspace Acan Astill Abe Ashared Awith Aother Apods. AThe Apod Aconfiguration Adetermines Athe Alocation Aat Awhich Aevery Avolume Ais Amounted. ADifferent Acontainers Acan Athen Amount Atheir Avolume Aat Adifferent Alocations Ain Athe Acluster Anetwork.  Kubernetes Auses Anamespaces Ato Aensure Athat Athere Ais Aa Away Aof Apartitioning Ahow Avarious Ausers Aapply Athe Aprovisions Agiven Aby AKubernetes. AThese Anamespaces Acan Adifferentiate Abetween Adevelopment, Aproduction, Aand Atesting Afor Avarious Ausers, Aand Athey Aensure Athere Ais Aa Afree Aenvironment Afor Aeach AKubernetes Auser. AConfigMaps Aand ASecrets Ain AKubernetes Aare Aused Ato Ahelp Awith Achanges Ain Athe Aconfiguration Asettings, Awhich Ais Ato Aensure Athat Ausers Afind Aa Abetter Aplace Ato Astore Aand Amanage Athe Ainformation Aon Athese Acontainers. AKubernetes Astore Atheir Amemory Ain Anodes Athat Aare Aused Aby Athe AConfigMaps Aand ASecrets. AIf Athe Ainformation Ain Athese Apods Ais Adeleted, Athen Athe Ainformation Aon Athe Awhole Amemory Acopy Asystem Ain Athe AConfigMaps Aand ASecrets Ais Adeleted Aas Awell. AUsers Awill Aonly Abe Aable Ato Aaccess Athese Apods Athrough Aenvironment Avariables Aor Ain Athe Acontainer Afile Asystem, Awhich Acan Aonly Abe Aaccessed Afrom Awithin Athe Apods—nowhere Aelse Ain Athe Asystem. ADevelopers Anow Ahave Aan Aeasier Atime Ain Athe Aconfiguration Aand Adeployment Aof Athese Aapplications. AThe Aadvanced Aconfiguration Aof AKubernetes Awill Aensure Amore Aefficient Adata Aprotection Aand Aconfiguration. AKubernetes Aprovides Aa Agood Aplatform Afor Acloud-native

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Aapplications Athat Arequire Ascaling Aand Areal-time Adata Astreaming, Awhich Ais Awhy Amost Apeople Asee AKubernetes Aas Aan Aefficient Aand Aimportant Atool Ain Atheir Awork. A  Why APeople ANeed AKubernetes  Developers Alook Afor Agood Amethods Athey Acan Ause Apackage Aand Arun Atheir Aapplications, Athereby Aensuring Afewer Adowntimes. AKubernetes Asaves Athe Aday Aby Aensuring Athat Ayour Asystem Ais Aup Aand Arunning Aall Athe Atime. AIt Aoffers Agood Avalue Afor Apeople Awho Ause Athem, Aand Amany Awho Ahave Aused Ait Afound Ait Ato Abe Abeneficial.  1. A A AReproducibility A  Kubernetes Aensures Athat Aif, Afor Aexample, Ayou Adelete Athe Acomplete Aproduction Aenvironment Ayou Ahad Abefore, Ayou Acan Arecreate Athe Asame Aenvironment Aby Ausing Athe Abackup Adata. AKubernetes Ahelps Ayou Aduring Adisaster Arecovery, Athus Aensuring Athat Ayou Ado Anot Aneed Ato Astart Athe Aconfiguration Aall Aover Aagain. AThis Acan Aonly Abe Aachieved Aif Ayou Afollow Athe Ainstructions Agiven Aby Acloud Aproviders. AYou Acan Achange Ayour Aaccount Aand Astill Abe Aable Ato Arecover Athe Adata Ayou Ahad Abacked Aup. AThe Aconcept Aof Areproducibility Abrought Aout Aby AKubernetes Ahelps Ayou Acreate Aa Acloud Aaccount. AIf Ayou Ause ATerraform Aand AAnsible Ato Acode Aeverything Afor Ayour Aapplication, Athen Athe Acost Aof Ayour Adevelopment Amight Abe Ahigher Athan Ayou Athought Ait Awould. AIn Athe Apast, Apeople Aspent Atime Aand Amoney Awriting Aand Agenerating Acodes Afor Athe Aconfiguration,

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Abut Awith Athe Arise Aof AKubernetes, Athis Ais Anow Aas Aeasy Aas Aa Asnap Aof Aa Afinger. AWith AKubernetes, Ayou Acan Aeasily Adescribe Aeverything Ain AYAML A(or AYAML AAin’t AMarkup ALanguage) Afiles. AIt Aalso Amanages Athe ADNS Arecords Athat Aare Arequired Ato Abring Atogether Aservices. AIt Agives Ayou Aa Achance Ato Acreate Aa Aseries Aof Amultiple Ainfrastructures Arather Athan Ahaving Ajust Aone. AYou Acan Aalso Acreate Aa Anew Asetup Ademo Aby Ausing AYAML Afiles Aand Adeploy Athem Ainto Adifferent Anamespaces Aon Athe Acluster Asystem. ATo Aachieve Athis, Ausers Ashould Abe Aable Ato Afollow Athe Aright Asteps Aand Ado Athings Athe Aright Away. ACreating Athese Acontainers Aensures Athat Ayou Abuilt Athem Ain Aa Away Athat Aallows Ayou Ato Aeasily Achange Athe Aconfiguration Asettings. AAlways Aexpect Ato Ahave Avarious Aor Aseparate Aenvironments Aas Ayou Acreate Ayour AYAML Afiles. AThe AContinuous AIntegration A(CI) Asystem Aused Ashould Abe Aable Ato Acreate Aan Aeasy Aenvironment, Awhich Ais Awhy Athe Adeployment Aprocess Ashould Abe Awell- integrated. AKubernetes Amakes Ait Aeasy Afor Ayou Aand Aothers Awho Ause Ait Ato Aachieve Athe Adesired Aresults.  2. A A AImmutability A  Kubernetes Ahas Aa Aspecial Away Aof Aimmutability, Ain Athat Ayou Ado Anot Ahave Ato Aupdate Aanything; Arather, Ayou Awould Areplace Ait. ATraditionally, Apeople Aused Ato Aupgrade Atheir Asoftware Aevery Atime Athere Awas Aa Anew Aor Abetter Aversion. AGoing Athrough Athe Ahassle Aof Aupgrading Ato Athe Asoftware Ais Aover Awith Athe Aintroduction Aof AKubernetes. AIf Aproblems Aoccurred Awhile Apeople Aupdated Atheir Asoftware, Adevelopers Acould Aexperience Aa

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Atough Atime Alooking Afor Aways Ato Afix Athe Aproblem, Aand Athe Ahassle Aof Areading Athrough Adocuments, Atroubleshooting, Aand Alooking Afor Asolutions Aonline Acould Abe Astressful. AKubernetes Acame Aup Awith Aa Abetter Away Ato Acover Athe Adowntime Aneeded Awhen Aupgrading Aand Aupdating—instead Aof Aupdating Ayour Aserver, Ayou Awould Ainstall Aa Anew Aserver.  Before Ainstalling Athe Anew Aserver, Ayou Awould Afirst Aneed Ato Aensure Athat Ait Aworks Aperfectly Aand Athat Ait Ais Acompatible. AIf Aeverything Ais Aokay Awith Athe Anew Aserver, Ayou Acan Athen Ago Aahead Aand Ainstall Ait. AA Aspare Aserver Ais Aalso Aessential, Aas Ait Awill Abe Ahandy Awhen Ait Acomes Atime Ato Adeploy Athe Ainfrastructure. AWhile Aundertaking Athese Aupgrades, Ayou Acan Aalso Amake Asure Athat Ayou Ahave Athe Avirtual Amachines Aand Acloud Aproviders Ato Amake Athe Awork Aa Abit Aeasier. AManual Ainstallation Aor Aupdates Aof Aservers Acan Abe Atime-consuming, Awhich Ais Awhy Ayou Aneed Aautomated Atools Ato Acontinue Awith Athe Ainstallation.  Kubernetes Aensures Athat Ait Ais Aeasier Afor Ayou Ato Ainstall Athe Aservers, Aas Athe Aconcept Aand Avirtual Amachines Aused Ato Aset Athem Aup Ahave Abeen Asimplified. AThe Aperson Ausing AKubernetes Awill Arealize Athat Athe Acontainers Arunning Aon Atop Aof AKubernetes Aare Asecure Aif Athe Acorrect Ainstallation Amethods Aare Aused, Aand Athe Acontainers Aare Areplaced Arather Athan Aadjusted. AKubernetes Ahas Amade Ait Apossible Afor Ausers, Aif Athere Ais Aa Aproblem Awith Athe Anewer Aversion, Ato Aeasily Aswitch Aback Ato Athe Aprevious Aversion. AHowever, Aduring Athis Aupgrade, Ayou Aneed Ato Arecognize Athat Ayou Ado Anot Aneed Ato Achange Ato Athe Aprevious Acontainer

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Aafter Aan Aupgrade. AFor Aexample, Aif Athe Anew Acontainer Aversion Ais Anot Acompatible Awith Ayour Aprevious Adatabase, Athe Arejoining Aof Athe Aprevious Anodes Acan Abe Adifficult, Aand Ayou Amay Anot Abe Aable Ato Ago Aback Ato Athe Aprevious Aversion Aof Athe Adatabase Aformat Aif Ait Ahas Aalready Abeen Aadjusted.  3. A A AEasier Adeployment A  The Adeployment Aon Aservers, Aat Atimes, Ahas Abeen Aa Atricky Asituation Ato Ahandle. ABefore Athe Arelease Aof AKubernetes, Ausers Aneeded Ato Acreate Aa Anew Aversion Aof Athe Aapplication Aon Aa Adifferent Aservice Adirectory, Athen Aswitch Athe Asymlink Ato Aall Athe Aother Aservers. APeople Awould Aneed Ato Ause Aempty Acaches Aand Amake Asure Ato Apopulate Athe Adatabase, Aso Athey Acould Adeploy Athe Aservers. AWhen Athe Acontainers Awere Acreated, Athis Aprocess Awas Asimplified Abecause Athe Ainitialization Aof Athe Acontainers Awas Ataken Acare Aof Aby Athe Alaunching Aof Athe Acontainer. AAfter Athe Anatural Areplacement Aof Athe Acontainers, Athe Acaches Awould Anormally Apurge Athemselves. AKubernetes Aensured Athat Atheir Asystem Awas Awell-protected, Aso Athere Awould Abe Ano Acontainers Alaunched Athat Acan Adamage Athe AKubernetes Acluster.  Faster Aand Aeasier Adeployment Aensures Athat Ayou Aalso Aget Aa Afaster Atime Ato Athe Amarket. AThe Asmaller Abreakdown Aof Ateams Aallows Aeach Ateam Ato Afocus Aon Aa Aset Arole Aand Aensure Athat Ait Ais Aefficient. AThese Ateams Acan Abe Aspecialized Ato Asupport Aexperts, Awho Acan Athen Abe

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Aassigned Ato Asupport Athese Amultiple Ateams. AThis Awill Ahelp Abuild Ayour AIT Ateam, Aallowing Ait Ato Ahandle Alarge Aapplications Afrom Aas Amany Acontainers Aas Apossible, Aas Athey Ahave Aalready Abeen Amanaging Asmall Ateams.  Tinder Ais Aone Aapplication Athat Ahas Aused AKubernetes Ato Agrow Atheir Ajourney Ainto Athe Amarket, Aand Ais Aknown Ato Abe Aefficient Aand Aeasy Ato Ause. ADue Ato Aits Ahigh Ause, ATinder Areported Athat Athey Awere Astruggling Awith Ascale Aand Ascalability. AThis Ais Awhen Athey Aapplied Ato Aoutsource Aa Areliable Acontainer Asystem Athat Acould Asupport Athem, Aand Afound AKubernetes Ato Abe Atheir Aanswer. ASince Athen, Atheir Abusiness Aoperations Ahave Abeen Asmooth.  4. A A ANetworking Aabstraction A  Writing Aan Aiptable Ascript Awas Aone Aof Athe Amany Atraditional Aways Athat Apeople Aused Ato Anetwork. AIptable Awas Aa Atool Athat Ahad Aa Alot Aof Aerrors. AEven Aafter Amany Aattempts Ato Afix Ait, Athere Awere Astill Amany Athings Athat Acould Ago Awrong Awith Athe Atool, Aand Ait Abecame Ahard Afor Adevelopers Ato Achange Ait Adue Ato Athe Aknowledge Athey Aneeded Ato Ahave Aabout Ait Aand Athe Arequired Apermissions. AThe Asite Aadmins Awould Anot Alet Aany Arequests Afor Achange Ato Abe Ahandled Aby Aoutsiders; Atherefore, Aonly Ainternal Aworkers Acould Atake Aaction Aand Arequests Afor Achange. AHowever, AKubernetes Anetworks Aand Apolicies Ahide Athe Acomplexity Aof Atheir Anetwork Aand Amake Athe Afirewall Arules Aeasily Adeployable. AThey Agive

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Aclear Ainstructions Aon Ahow Athe Aapplication Ashould Abe Arun Aby Astoring Athem Ain Athe Agrit Arepository A(or Agrit Arepo). AThe Aother Aconfiguration Asettings Afor Athe Aapplication Acan Aalso Abe Afound Athere. AThey Acan Amaintain Atheir Afirewall, Aand Athey Atend Ato Ause Athe AKubernetes Aaudit Atools Ato Aensure Asecurity. AThis Awould Abe Abetter Arather Athan Arestricting Afirewall Aconfigurations Athat Aare Aused Aas Acompliance Apolicies.  5. A A ADeploying Aand Aupdating Asoftware Aat Ascale A  Deployment Ais Aa Away Ato Aspeed Aup Athe Aprocess Aused Awhen Abuilding, Atesting, Aand Areleasing Asoftware. AMost Asoftware Adoes Anot Asupport Athe Adeployment Aof Athese Aprocesses Aat Ascale, Abut AKubernetes Adoes. AThanks Ato AKubernetes, Ayou Acan Amaintain Aand Achange Ayour Aapplication Alifecycle. AIt Ahas Aa Adeployment Acontroller Athat Acan Asimplify Acomplex Atasks Ainto Aeasy Aones; Ait Acan Aidentify Acompleted, Ain-process Aand Afailing Adeployments Afast Aby Abalancing Atheir Acapabilities; Aand Ait Asaves Atime, Aas Ait Acan Aeasily Apause Aa Adeployment Aand Aresume Ait Alater Aon. AIf Athe Acurrent Aor Aupgraded Aversion Ais Anot Astable, Ait Acan Acontrol Athe Anew Aversion Ato Arevert Ato Athe Aearlier Aversion. AThey Ahave Acreated Amore Asimplified Adeployment Aoperations Athat Ainclude Ahorizontal Aauto-scaling A, Ain Awhich Athe Ascalar Acan Ameasure Athe Anumber Aof Apods Athat Acan Abe Adepleted Aby Aa Acertain Anumber Aof Aresources; Arolling Aupdates Athat Agive Ayou Athe Apredefined Anumber Aof Alimited Apods Aand Athe Aspare Apods Athat Aexist Atemporarily; Aand Acanary Adeployments Athat Aensure Athat Ayou Asimultaneously Aupgrade Afrom Athe Aolder Aversion Ato Athe Anewer Aversion. 

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6. A A AGreat Afor Acloud Amulti-cloud Aadoption A  Microservice Ainfrastructure Ain Athese Acontainers Amakes Ait Aeasy Afor Ayou Ato Asplit Ayour Aapplication Ainto Asmall Acomponents Aand Arun Athem Ain Adifferent Aenvironments Aand Aclouds. AKubernetes Adoes Anot Alimit Ayou Aand Acan Abe Aused Aanywhere—in Apublic, Aprivate, Aor Aother Ahybrid Aclouds. AThis Afunctionality Aenables Ayou Ato Areach Aout Ato Ausers Awherever Athey Aare, Aand Amakes Ait Amore Asecure. AMany Aof Atoday's Abusinesses Ahave Agrown Ato Alove Aand Ause Athis Amicroservice, Asince Ait Amakes Atheir Atools Amore Aeasily Amanageable.  7. A A AIT ACost AOptimization A  If Ayour Acompany Ais Aoperating Aon Aa Amassive Ascale, Athen AKubernetes Ahas Ayour Abudget Acovered. AThis Ais Abecause Ait Aoffers Aa Acontainer-based Ainfrastructure Athat Acan Apackage Ato Adifferent Aapplications Ato Ahelp Aoptimize Ahow Ayou Ause Ayour Acloud Aand Ahardware Ainvestments. AHardware Aand Acloud Amanagement Awas Aa Ahard Anut Ato Acrack Afor Apeople Awho Adid Anot Ause AKubernetes, Abut Asince Ait’s Abeen Adeveloped, Apeople Aare Anow Aenjoying Ausing AKubernetes, Aas Ait Acaters Afor Atheir Abudgets.  Spotify Ais Aone Acompany Athat Ahas Abenefitted Acost-effectively Afrom AKubernetes. AAccording Ato ASpotify, Asince Athey Astarted Ausing AKubernetes, Athey Ahave Abeen Aable Ato Asave Atheir ACPU Autilization, Athus Aleading Ato Abetter AIT Aoptimization. 

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Importance Aof AKubernetes  1. A A APortability A  Kubernetes Aoffers Aan Aeasy Aand Afaster Away Afor Adeployment. ACompanies Acan Abenefit Afrom Ausing Athe Aavailable Amultiple Aclouds Ato Agrow Atheir Ainfrastructure Aeven Amore. AIt Adoes Anot Atie Ayou Adown Ato Aone Asystem Aand Aits Aportability Amakes Ait Aeven Aeasier.  2. A A AScalability A  This Ameans Athat AKubernetes Acan Abe Adeployed Aanywhere, Ain Aall Acloud Aenvironments. ATheir Acontainers Acan Arun, Aeven Ain Abare Ametals Aor Avirtual Amachines. ADue Ato Arecent Achanges Aand Aadvancements Ain Adevelopment Aand Adeployments, AKubernetes Aallows Ayou Ato Ascale Amuch Afaster Athan Abefore. AThe Aorchestration Asystem Aensures Athat Ait Aimproves Athe Aapplication Aperformance Aautomatically, Awhich Aalso Ahelps Aoptimize Ainfrastructure Autilization Aand Amakes Ait Anot Ajust Alimited Ato Athe Ametrics, Abut Aalso Athe Aresources Aused Ain Athe Aprocess.  A Agood Aexample Aof Aa Acompany Athat Ahas Abeen Aable Ato Abenefit Afrom Athe Ascalability Aof AKubernetes Ais Athe ALendingTree Aapplication. AThis Aapplication Auses Amany Amicroservices Athat Aact Aas Aa Aplatform Afor Atheir Abusiness Aoperations. AThe Ahorizontal Ascalability Aensures Athat Atheir Aclients Acan Aaccess Athe Aapplication, Aeven Awhen Athey Aare Aat Atheir Apeak Aseasons. AKubernetes Ais Aresponsible Afor Aensuring Athat Athese Aapplications Aare

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Awell-deployed Aand Arunning Aall Athe Atime, Aand Athat Athe Aapplications Ado Anot Adefault. A  3. A A AHighly Aavailable A  Kubernetes Ais Aavailable Aboth Aat Athe Aapplication Aand Ainfrastructure Alevel. AThey Aalso Ahave Aa Areliable Astorage Asystem, Atherefore Aensuring Athat Athere Aare Areadily Aavailable Aworkloads. AThe Aconfiguration Asettings Aensure Athat Atheir Amulti-nodes Areplicate Aeasily, Athereby Aenhancing Aavailability. AIts Aavailability Amakes Ait Aeven Abetter Aand Amore Aefficient Ato Ause, Awhich Ais Awhy Adevelopers Aand Acompanies Aprefer Ait, Aas Amost Aother Asoftware Adoes Anot Aallow Afor Aavailability Aor Areplication. AThe Asuccess Aof Athe Aapplication Ayou Acome Aup Awith Adoes Anot Adepend Aon Athe Afeatures Athat Ait Ahas, Abut Aon Athe Aavailability Aof Athe Aapplication—if Ayour Aapplication Ais Aunavailable Aor Anot Aworking Awhen Ayou Amost Aneed Ait, Athen Ayou Awill Abe Aunable Ato Amake Aanything Aout Aof Ait. AThis Ais Awhy Adevelopers Alook Aforward Ato Ausing AKubernetes, Asince Ait Ais Aalways Aavailable Aand Adoesn’t Abreak Adown Aat Acrucial Atimes. AThis Ais Athe Abest Asolution Afor Acompanies Athat Ahave Ahad Aproblems Awith Atheir Aapplication Aunavailability.  4. A A AOpen-source A  The Aopen-source Astyle Agives Adevelopers Athe Afreedom Ato Adesign Awork Awith AKubernetes, Acombined Awith Athe Avast Aecosystem Athat Ais Aavailable. AIt Adoes Anot Alimit Ayou Ato Ausing Athe AKubernetes Atools, Abut Ahas Aensured