Kubernetes for Jobseekers (Gopalakrishnan, Shivakumar) (Z-Library)

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Kubernetes for Jobseekers DevOps and Kubernetes interview questions and answers for freshers and experienced professionals Shivakumar Gopalakrishnan www.bpbonline.com

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Copyright © 2023 BPB Online All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor BPB Online or its dealers and distributors, will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book. BPB Online has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, BPB Online cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. First published: 2023 Published by BPB Online WeWork 119 Marylebone Road London NW1 5PU UK | UAE | INDIA | SINGAPORE ISBN 978-93-55513-519 www.bpbonline.com

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Dedicated to My beloved Parents: Mr. A. Gopalakrishnan Mrs. G. Rajalakshmi & My wife Asha, My Sons Nikhil and Adil, and My Brother Vijay Special thanks to Waffles for keeping me grounded throughout

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About the Author Shivakumar Gopalakrishnan has over 25 years of experience in Software Development, DevOps, SRE, and Platform Engineering. He has worked in wide-ranging industries, from a healthcare enterprise to a consumer-facing web-scale company. He founded a startup, was a key architect within a Fortune 1000 company, and was a manager/engineer in a Fortune 100 company. He has also given multiple presentations at DevOps/SRE conferences. He is the co-author of Hands-on Kubernetes on Azure. He is currently an Individual Contributor at LinkedIn.

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About the Reviewer Werner Dijkerman is a freelance cloud, Kubernetes (certified), and DevOps engineer. He's currently focused on, and working with, cloud-native solutions and tools including AWS, Ansible, Kubernetes, and Terraform. He is also focused on Infrastructure as Code and monitoring the correct “thing” with tools such as Zabbix, Prometheus, and the ELK Stack, with a passion for automating everything and avoiding doing anything that resembles manual work. He is an active reader of comics, non-fictional and IT-related books, where he is a Technical reviewer for various books about DevOps, CI/CD, and Kubernetes.

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Acknowledgement This book would not be possible without the unconditional love and support of my parents, family, friends, and colleagues. I would also like to thank LinkedIn for allowing me to pursue my passion for creating economic opportunities for every member of the global workforce. Thanks BPB Publications for being patient with my deliverables.

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Preface DevOps/Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) is one of the hottest areas in the information technology (IT) job market. With an average salary of $100K, it is a very lucrative field to be in. If you are passionate about delivering value to customers safely, securely, and quickly, it is a field that is ripe for innovation and, frankly, lots of fun. DevOps/SRE (IT in general) needs to make great strides in the inclusiveness of women, People Of Color (POC), and other underrepresented people. This book aims to be a very small part of addressing the huge diversity gap. The book starts with the importance of mindset over skills. It makes clear to beginners of any age that, with the right mindset, they can master technologies that can seem overwhelming at first. The book guides the reader on how to use the complexity to their advantage. Combining practice with the lessons in the book, you will be able to nail the Kubernetes job interview and thrive in your dream job. Computing basics are introduced via comics and links provided for learning more in a beginner-friendly fashion. How the basics of computing apply to containers, the basic building block of Kubernetes, is then presented. Hands-on lessons continue with Kubernetes deployments, tools, and pointers to advanced technologies such as service mesh, policy engines, etc. All major public cloud vendors, Amazon AWS (EKS), Azure (AKS), Google Cloud (GKE) Kubernetes implementations, and the differences are covered. Methodical processes for debugging and troubleshooting are continuously presented in the book for you to handle any scenario in production. This book is divided into 15 chapters. They will cover computing basics, networking, containers, why Kubernetes is the de-facto standard in container orchestration, methodical processes for debugging and optimization, public cloud implementations of Kubernetes, and advanced tools in the Kubernetes ecosystem. The details are listed below.

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Chapter 1 will cover why a career in Kubernetes is lucrative and whether it is the right one for you. Different career paths (Individual Contributor vs. Manager) are covered to help you determine the right path for you and the steps you need to take now to get there. Chapter 2 will cover the key challenges enterprises currently face when they are looking at Kubernetes for solutions. You will also learn how to make the complexity of the Kubernetes ecosystem your advantage. You will be able to gain the confidence of the interviewer that you understand their problems and are aware of methods to help them succeed using Kubernetes. Chapter 3 will cover how you can demonstrate that you fit the team’s culture. The chapter also covers the importance of company culture and the key tenets of DevOps/SRE culture, how your daily activities, and having the right mindset relate to DevOps culture. Chapter 4 will cover the basics of computer architecture, operating systems, and networks and how having a solid understanding of them would help you ace the interview. Chapter 5 will cover the benefits and limitations of containers. Hands-on lessons for building custom container images that package your application, running, and testing them. How to manage and debug containers and container images is also covered. You will be able to answer basic and some advanced questions on containers/Docker and their relevance to Kubernetes. Chapter 6 will cover how to launch an application using Kubernetes. You will also expose the service over the network, make it available externally, and attach persistent storage to your applications. Chapter 7 explains how to find the contributing factors (aka Root Cause) for Kubernetes deployment failures. You will be able to explain the different deployment strategies, including their pros and cons. The advantages Kubernetes gives you in implementing the deployment strategy are also covered. Chapter 8 covers why networking plugins are required and how to apply a network policy to provide access control to applications. The different types of storage and which storage is best suited for what applications are also covered. What GitOps is and how GitOps uses

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application/node management features of Kubernetes for deployments using code will also be clear. Chapter 9 summarizes all the questions and answers to all the interview questions we have seen so far. Brushing up on this chapter and chapter 15 will make you ready for the interview by putting the answers to frequently asked interview questions at the top of your mind. Chapter 10 covers the advantages and limitations of Windows support in Kubernetes. Questions on differences between Azure, AWS, and GCP Kubernetes implementations are also covered. You will have hands-on experience deploying and performing essential monitoring on AKS, EKS, and GKE. Chapter 11 covers a framework to analyze performance issues methodically. The methodology works for any computer performance diagnostics, not just Kubernetes. You will also know how to fix Kubernetes performance issues using the top 10 performance optimizations for Kubernetes Chapter 12 covers how to address any Kubernetes issue methodically and, thus, demonstrate your mastery of Kubernetes principles to the interviewer. After understanding and practicing this chapter, you can answer questions on Kubernetes troubleshooting questions confidently. Chapter 13 covers the basics, plus hands-on experience on the popular tools for app management so that you can confidently answer questions on Kubernetes tools. After reading this chapter, you will have hands-on experience with app management tools such as Helm and Kustomize and awareness of similar tools such as Helmsman and Helmfile. Chapter 14 covers the main categories of Kubernetes plugins, examples of them, and when/why you would use them. You will also gain exposure to a wide variety of plugins, and you will be able to make an intentional choice on which plugin you would like to become an expert in. Chapter 15 summarizes the Kubernetes-focused interview questions and answers that we have seen so far. You will be ready for the

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Kubernetes-focused interview questions by brushing up on this chapter.

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Code Bundle and Coloured Images Please follow the link to download the Code Bundle and the Coloured Images of the book: https://rebrand.ly/ud182ay The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/bpbpublications/Kubernetes-for-Jobseekers. In case there's an update to the code, it will be updated on the existing GitHub repository. We have code bundles from our rich catalogue of books and videos available at https://github.com/bpbpublications. Check them out! Errata We take immense pride in our work at BPB Publications and follow best practices to ensure the accuracy of our content to provide with an indulging reading experience to our subscribers. Our readers are our mirrors, and we use their inputs to reflect and improve upon human errors, if any, that may have occurred during the publishing processes involved. To let us maintain the quality and help us reach out to any readers who might be having difficulties due to any unforeseen errors, please write to us at : errata@bpbonline.com Your support, suggestions and feedbacks are highly appreciated by the BPB Publications’ Family.

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Table of Contents 1. Kubernetes/SRE/DevOps Career Map Introduction Structure Objectives Career paths in Kubernetes Individual contributor (IC) path Management path Choosing the right career path for you Kubernetes’ inclusive community Women/PoC in DevOps/SRE Inclusiveness in the Kubernetes community Conclusion Points to remember Interview questions and answers 2. Kubernetes Adoption in the Industry Introduction Structure Objectives Hybrid-cloud Kubernetes ecosystem challenges Conclusion Points to remember Interview questions and answers 3. Introduction to DevOps/SRE Culture Introduction Structure Objectives DevOps/SRE culture Key elements of DevOps/SRE culture What does DevOps culture mean to you?

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Key elements for culture fit Learning Continuous improvement Collaborations Intelligent risks Relentless focus on customer Conclusion Demonstration Points to remember Interview questions and answers 4. Operating System Fundamentals Introduction Structure Objectives Key components of a computer Basic components of a computer Introducing Profesora Storage Workspace Process Computer architecture Try it! Need for an operating system Operating system concepts Network Exercise on networking Applicability to kubernetes Conclusion Next steps Points to remember Interview questions and answers 5. Containers/Docker Introduction Structure Objectives

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Processes and their relevance to containers Cgroups Introduction to containers Container registry Container networking Container storage Running a container Runtime configuration of a running container ENV variables Building your own container image Why do we need layers? Corollary Why is this information important for Kubernetes? Multi-stage builds Container images versus running container instances Stopping and removing running containers Container image management Push container Conclusion Points to remember Interview questions and answers 6. Kubernetes Basics Introduction Structure Objectives Need for container orchestration Mesos, Docker Swarm, and Kubernetes Kubernetes primitives Pods Declarative specification Pod specification Try it Replica sets Deployments Rollout strategy Version deduction

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DaemonSets Services Ingress controllers Try it Health checks using liveness, startup, and readiness probes Try it Physical volumes Persistent volume claims (PVC) Try it Conclusion Points to remember Interview questions and answers 7. Kubernetes Deployment Introduction Structure Objectives Consumer expectations Cost of doing business Calculating the availability, you need Kubernetes and deployments Blue-green deployment Try it Canary deployment Try it Comparison of canary and blue-green deployment Conclusion Points to remember Interview questions and answers 8. Kubernetes Services Introduction Structure Objectives Network plugins Container network interface (CNI)

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Networking policy Try it Storage Main limitations of block devices Advantages of attachment Network-attached storage Main limitations of NAS Object storage Physical volume claims Node management Try it Configuration maps and SShh… secrets Gitops Try it Conclusion Points to remember Interview questions and answers 9. Section Summary and Interview Questions and Answers Introduction Structure Objectives Section summary Operating system fundamentals Containers/docker Kubernetes basics and primitives Deployments using Kubernetes Kubernetes services/features GitOps Interview questions and answers 10. Kubernetes on Various Platforms Introduction Structure Objectives Windows support Azure—Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)