Core Java Volume I (Cay S. Horstmann) (z-library.sk, 1lib.sk, z-lib.sk)

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Core Java Volume I: Fundamentals Fourteenth Edition Cay S. Horstmann

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. Cover image: emotionPicture/stock.adobe.com Figure 1.1: Sourceforge Figures 2.2, 3.2-3.5, 4.9, 5.4, 7.2, 10.5, 10.6, 11.1: Oracle Corporation Figures 2.3-2.5, 12.2: Eclipse Foundation AISBL Figure 4.2: Violet UML Editor Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. Please contact us with concerns about any potential bias at pearson.com/en- us/report-bias.html. Author websites are not owned or managed by Pearson. Visit us on the Web: informit.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2025945021 Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey Portions copyright © 1996-2013 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Oracle America Inc. does not make any representations or warranties as to the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of any information contained in this work, and is not responsible for any errors or omissions. The views expressed in this book are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Oracle. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers make no representations about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related graphics published as part of the services for any purpose. All such documents and related graphics are provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers hereby disclaim all warranties and conditions with regard to this information, including all warranties and conditions of merchantability, whether express, implied or statutory, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement. In no event shall Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages

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or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information available from the services. The documents and related graphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically added to the information herein. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described herein at any time. Partial screen shots may be viewed in full within the software version specified. Microsoft® Windows®, and Microsoft Office® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit pearson.com/en-us/global-permission-granting.html. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-555857-7 ISBN-10: 0-13-555857-3

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Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. An Introduction to Java 1.1. Java as a Programming Platform 1.2. The Java “White Paper” Buzzwords 1.2.1. Simple 1.2.2. Object-Oriented 1.2.3. Distributed 1.2.4. Robust 1.2.5. Secure 1.2.6. Architecture-Neutral 1.2.7. Portable 1.2.8. Interpreted 1.2.9. High-Performance 1.2.10. Multithreaded 1.2.11. Dynamic 1.3. Java Applets and the Internet 1.4. A Short History of Java 1.5. Common Misconceptions about Java 2. The Java Programming Environment 2.1. Installing the Java Development Kit 2.1.1. Downloading the JDK 2.1.2. Setting Up the JDK 2.1.3. Source Files and Documentation 2.2. Using the Command-Line Tools 2.3. Using an Integrated Development Environment

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2.4. JShell 3. Fundamental Programming Structures in Java 3.1. A Simple Java Program 3.2. Comments 3.3. Data Types 3.3.1. Integer Types 3.3.2. Floating-Point Types 3.3.3. The char Type 3.3.4. Unicode and the char Type 3.3.5. The boolean Type 3.4. Variables and Constants 3.4.1. Declaring Variables 3.4.2. Initializing Variables 3.4.3. Constants 3.4.4. Enumerated Types 3.5. Operators 3.5.1. Arithmetic Operators 3.5.2. Mathematical Functions and Constants 3.5.3. Conversions between Numeric Types 3.5.4. Casts 3.5.5. Assignment 3.5.6. Increment and Decrement Operators 3.5.7. Relational and boolean Operators 3.5.8. The Conditional Operator 3.5.9. Switch Expressions 3.5.10. Bitwise Operators 3.5.11. Parentheses and Operator Hierarchy 3.6. Strings 3.6.1. Concatenation

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3.6.2. Static and Instance Methods 3.6.3. Indexes and Substrings 3.6.4. Strings Are Immutable 3.6.5. Testing Strings for Equality 3.6.6. Empty and Null Strings 3.6.7. The String API 3.6.8. Reading the Online API Documentation 3.6.9. Building Strings 3.6.10. Text Blocks 3.7. Input and Output 3.7.1. Reading Input 3.7.2. Formatting Output 3.8. Control Flow 3.8.1. Block Scope 3.8.2. Conditional Statements 3.8.3. Loops 3.8.4. Determinate Loops 3.8.5. Multiple Selections with switch 3.8.6. Statements That Break Control Flow 3.9. Big Numbers 3.10. Arrays 3.10.1. Declaring Arrays 3.10.2. Accessing Array Elements 3.10.3. The “for each” Loop 3.10.4. Array Copying 3.10.5. Command-Line Arguments 3.10.6. Array Sorting 3.10.7. Multidimensional Arrays 3.10.8. Ragged Arrays

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4. Objects and Classes 4.1. Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming 4.1.1. Classes 4.1.2. Objects 4.1.3. Identifying Classes 4.1.4. Relationships between Classes 4.2. Using Predefined Classes 4.2.1. Objects and Object Variables 4.2.2. The LocalDate Class of the Java Library 4.2.3. Mutator and Accessor Methods 4.3. Defining Your Own Classes 4.3.1. An Employee Class 4.3.2. Dissecting the Employee Class 4.3.3. First Steps with Constructors 4.3.4. Declaring Local Variables with var 4.3.5. Working with null References 4.3.6. Implicit and Explicit Parameters 4.3.7. Benefits of Encapsulation 4.3.8. Class-Based Access Privileges 4.3.9. Private Methods 4.3.10. Final Instance Fields 4.4. Static Fields and Methods 4.4.1. Static Fields 4.4.2. Static Constants 4.4.3. Static Methods 4.4.4. Factory Methods 4.4.5. The main Method 4.5. Method Parameters

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4.6. Object Construction 4.6.1. Overloading 4.6.2. Default Field Initialization 4.6.3. The Constructor with No Arguments 4.6.4. Explicit Field Initialization 4.6.5. Parameter Names 4.6.6. Calling Another Constructor 4.6.7. Initialization Blocks 4.6.8. Static Initialization 4.7. Records 4.7.1. The Record Concept 4.7.2. Constructors: Canonical, Compact, and Custom 4.8. Packages 4.8.1. Encapsulation 4.8.2. Package Names 4.8.3. Class Importation 4.8.4. Module Imports 4.8.5. Static Imports 4.8.6. Addition of a Class into a Package 4.8.7. Compiling with Packages 4.8.8. Package Access 4.8.9. The Class Path 4.8.10. Setting the Class Path 4.9. JAR Files 4.9.1. Creating JAR files 4.9.2. The Manifest 4.9.3. Executable JAR Files 4.9.4. Multi-Release JAR Files

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4.9.5. A Note about Command-Line Options 4.10. Documentation Comments 4.10.1. Comment Insertion 4.10.2. Class Comments 4.10.3. Method Comments 4.10.4. Field Comments 4.10.5. Package Comments 4.10.6. HTML Markup 4.10.7. Links 4.10.8. General Comments 4.10.9. Code Snippets 4.10.10. Comment Extraction 4.11. Class Design Hints 5. Inheritance 5.1. Classes, Superclasses, and Subclasses 5.1.1. Defining Subclasses 5.1.2. Overriding Methods 5.1.3. Subclass Constructors 5.1.4. Inheritance Hierarchies 5.1.5. Polymorphism 5.1.6. Understanding Method Calls 5.1.7. Preventing Inheritance: Final Classes and Methods 5.1.8. Casting 5.1.9. Pattern Matching for instanceof 5.1.10. Protected Access 5.2. Object: The Cosmic Superclass 5.2.1. Variables of Type Object 5.2.2. The equals Method

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5.2.3. Equality Testing and Inheritance 5.2.4. The hashCode Method 5.2.5. The toString Method 5.3. Generic Array Lists 5.3.1. Declaring Array Lists 5.3.2. Accessing Array List Elements 5.3.3. Compatibility between Typed and Raw Array Lists 5.4. Object Wrappers and Autoboxing 5.5. Methods with a Variable Number of Arguments 5.6. Abstract Classes 5.7. Enumeration Classes 5.8. Sealed Classes 5.9. Pattern Matching 5.9.1. Null Handling 5.9.2. Guards 5.9.3. Exhaustiveness 5.9.4. Dominance 5.9.5. Patterns and Constants 5.9.6. Variable Scope and Fallthrough 5.10. Reflection 5.10.1. The Class Class 5.10.2. A Primer on Declaring Exceptions 5.10.3. Resources 5.10.4. Using Reflection to Analyze the Capabilities of Classes 5.10.5. Using Reflection to Analyze Objects at Runtime 5.10.6. Using Reflection to Write Generic Array Code

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5.10.7. Invoking Arbitrary Methods and Constructors 5.11. Design Hints for Inheritance 6. Interfaces, Lambda Expressions, and Inner Classes 6.1. Interfaces 6.1.1. The Interface Concept 6.1.2. Properties of Interfaces 6.1.3. Interfaces and Abstract Classes 6.1.4. Static and Private Methods 6.1.5. Default Methods 6.1.6. Resolving Default Method Conflicts 6.1.7. Interfaces and Callbacks 6.1.8. The Comparator Interface 6.1.9. Object Cloning 6.2. Lambda Expressions 6.2.1. Why Lambdas? 6.2.2. The Syntax of Lambda Expressions 6.2.3. Functional Interfaces 6.2.4. Function Types 6.2.5. Method References 6.2.6. Constructor References 6.2.7. Variable Scope 6.2.8. Lambda Expressions and this 6.2.9. Processing Lambda Expressions 6.2.10. Creating Comparators 6.3. Inner Classes 6.3.1. Use of an Inner Class to Access Object State 6.3.2. Special Syntax Rules for Inner Classes 6.3.3. Are Inner Classes Useful? Actually Necessary? Secure?

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6.3.4. Local Inner Classes 6.3.5. Accessing Variables from Outer Methods 6.3.6. Anonymous Inner Classes 6.3.7. Static Classes 6.3.8. Nested Records 6.4. Service Loaders 6.5. Proxies 6.5.1. When to Use Proxies 6.5.2. Creating Proxy Objects 6.5.3. Properties of Proxy Classes 7. Exceptions, Assertions, and Logging 7.1. Dealing with Errors 7.1.1. The Classification of Exceptions 7.1.2. Declaring Checked Exceptions 7.1.3. How to Throw an Exception 7.1.4. Creating Exception Classes 7.2. Catching Exceptions 7.2.1. Catching an Exception 7.2.2. Catching Multiple Exceptions 7.2.3. Rethrowing and Chaining Exceptions 7.2.4. The finally Clause 7.2.5. The try-with-Resources Statement 7.2.6. Analyzing Stack Trace Elements 7.3. Tips for Using Exceptions 7.4. Using Assertions 7.4.1. The Assertion Concept 7.4.2. Assertion Enabling and Disabling 7.4.3. Using Assertions for Parameter Checking

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7.4.4. Using Assertions for Documenting Assumptions 7.5. Logging 7.5.1. Should You Use the Java Logging Framework? 7.5.2. Logging 101 7.5.3. The Platform Logging API 7.5.4. Logging Configuration 7.5.5. Log Handlers 7.5.6. Filters and Formatters 7.5.7. A Logging Recipe 7.6. Debugging Tips 8. Generic Programming 8.1. Type Parameters 8.1.1. The Advantage of Generic Programming 8.1.2. Who Wants to Be a Generic Programmer? 8.1.3. Defining a Simple Generic Class 8.1.4. Generic Methods 8.1.5. Bounds for Type Variables 8.1.6. Generic Exceptions 8.2. Generic Code and the Virtual Machine 8.2.1. Type Erasure 8.2.2. Translating Generic Expressions 8.2.3. Translating Generic Methods 8.2.4. Calling Legacy Code 8.3. Inheritance Rules for Generic Types 8.4. Wildcard Types 8.4.1. The Wildcard Concept 8.4.2. Supertype Bounds for Wildcards 8.4.3. Unbounded Wildcards

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8.4.4. Wildcard Capture 8.5. Restrictions and Limitations 8.5.1. Type Parameters Cannot Be Instantiated with Primitive Types 8.5.2. Casts Only Work with Raw Types 8.5.3. You Cannot Create Arrays of Parameterized Types 8.5.4. Varargs Warnings 8.5.5. Generic Varargs Do Not Spread Primitive Arrays 8.5.6. You Cannot Instantiate Type Variables 8.5.7. You Cannot Construct a Generic Array 8.5.8. Type Variables Are Not Valid in Static Contexts of Generic Classes 8.5.9. You Can Defeat Checked Exception Checking 8.5.10. Beware of Clashes after Erasure 8.5.11. Type Inference in Generic Record Patterns is Limited 8.6. Reflection and Generics 8.6.1. The Generic Class Class 8.6.2. Using Class<T> Parameters for Type Matching 8.6.3. Generic Type Information in the Virtual Machine 8.6.4. Type Literals 9. Collections 9.1. The Java Collections Framework 9.1.1. Separating Collection Interfaces and Implementation 9.1.2. The Collection Interface

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9.1.3. Iterators 9.1.4. Generic Utility Methods 9.2. Interfaces in the Collections Framework 9.3. Concrete Collections 9.3.1. Linked Lists 9.3.2. Array Lists 9.3.3. Hash Sets 9.3.4. Tree Sets 9.3.5. Queues and Deques 9.3.6. Priority Queues 9.4. Maps 9.4.1. Basic Map Operations 9.4.2. Updating Map Entries 9.4.3. Map Views 9.4.4. Weak Hash Maps 9.4.5. Linked Hash Sets and Maps 9.4.6. Enumeration Sets and Maps 9.4.7. Identity Hash Maps 9.5. Copies and Views 9.5.1. Small Collections 9.5.2. Unmodifiable Copies and Views 9.5.3. Subranges 9.5.4. Sets From Boolean-Valued Maps 9.5.5. Reversed Views 9.5.6. Checked Views 9.5.7. Synchronized Views 9.5.8. A Note on Optional Operations 9.6. Algorithms 9.6.1. Why Generic Algorithms?

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9.6.2. Sorting and Shuffling 9.6.3. Binary Search 9.6.4. Simple Algorithms 9.6.5. Bulk Operations 9.6.6. Converting between Collections and Arrays 9.6.7. Writing Your Own Algorithms 9.7. Legacy Collections 9.7.1. The Hashtable Class 9.7.2. Enumerations 9.7.3. Property Maps 9.7.4. System Properties 9.7.5. Stacks 9.7.6. Bit Sets 10. Concurrency 10.1. Running Threads 10.2. Thread States 10.2.1. New Threads 10.2.2. Runnable Threads 10.2.3. Blocked and Waiting Threads 10.2.4. Terminated Threads 10.3. Thread Properties 10.3.1. Virtual Threads 10.3.2. Thread Interruption 10.3.3. Daemon Threads 10.3.4. Thread Names and Ids 10.3.5. Handlers for Uncaught Exceptions 10.3.6. Thread Priorities 10.3.7. Thread Factories and Builders

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10.4. Coordinating Tasks 10.4.1. Callables and Futures 10.4.2. Executor Services 10.4.3. Invoking a Group of Tasks 10.4.4. Thread-Local Variables 10.4.5. Scoped Values 10.4.6. The Fork-Join Framework 10.5. Synchronization 10.5.1. An Example of a Race Condition 10.5.2. The Race Condition Explained 10.5.3. Lock Objects 10.5.4. Condition Objects 10.5.5. Deadlocks 10.5.6. The synchronized Keyword 10.5.7. Synchronized Blocks 10.5.8. The Monitor Concept 10.5.9. Volatile Fields 10.5.10. Final Fields 10.5.11. Atomics 10.5.12. On-Demand Initialization 10.5.13. Safe Publication 10.5.14. Sharing with Thread-Local Variables 10.6. Thread-Safe Collections 10.6.1. Blocking Queues 10.6.2. Efficient Maps, Sets, and Queues 10.6.3. Atomic Update of Map Entries 10.6.4. Bulk Operations on Concurrent Hash Maps 10.6.5. Concurrent Set Views 10.6.6. Copy on Write Arrays

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10.6.7. Parallel Array Algorithms 10.6.8. Older Thread-Safe Collections 10.7. Asynchronous Computations 10.7.1. Completable Futures 10.7.2. Composing Completable Futures 10.7.3. Long-Running Tasks in User Interface Callbacks 10.8. Processes 10.8.1. Building a Process 10.8.2. Running a Process 10.8.3. Process Handles 11. Annotations 11.1. Using Annotations 11.1.1. Annotation Elements 11.1.2. Multiple and Repeated Annotations 11.1.3. Annotating Declarations 11.1.4. Annotating Type Uses 11.1.5. Receiver Parameters 11.2. Defining Annotations 11.3. Annotations in the Java API 11.3.1. Annotations for Compilation 11.3.2. Meta-Annotations 11.4. Processing Annotations at Runtime 11.5. Source-Level Annotation Processing 11.5.1. Annotation Processors 11.5.2. The Language Model API 11.5.3. Using Annotations to Generate Source Code 11.6. Bytecode Engineering 11.6.1. Modifying Class Files