DevOps Security and Automation (Nishant Singh) (Z-Library) (1)

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DevOps Security and Automation Building, deploying, and scaling modern software systems Nishant Singh www.bpbonline.com

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First Edition 2025 Copyright © BPB Publications, India eISBN: 978-93-65892-680 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher with the exception to the program listings which may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they can not be reproduced by the means of publication, photocopy, recording, or by any electronic and mechanical means. LIMITS OF LIABILITY AND DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY The information contained in this book is true and correct to the best of author’s and publisher’s knowledge. The author has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of these publications, but the publisher cannot be held responsible for any loss or damage arising from any information in this book. All trademarks referred to in the book are acknowledged as properties of their respective owners but BPB Publications cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. www.bpbonline.com

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Dedicated to My son Avyaan Singh, who at 2 years old would innocently ask what u doing papa? in his sweet baby voice, while I wrote late into the night. Your curious spirit inspires me every day. My wife Mahek, whose unwavering support and encouragement made this book possible. Thank you for understanding the long hours and believing in this dream. My parents, whose constant guidance and help have been the foundation of everything I achieve. Your sacrifices and wisdom continue to light my path.

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About the Author Nishant Singh is a senior software engineer at LinkedIn, where he specializes in building large-scale observability infrastructure using cutting- edge technologies including Azure Data Explorer, Go, Python, and Azure OpenAI. With over 9 years of experience spanning software engineering and DevOps, Nishant architects and codes solutions that serve millions of users while ensuring optimal performance and reliability. At LinkedIn, Nishant has evolved through multiple senior engineering roles, developing next-generation log and events platforms that process data at massive scale. His software engineering background enables him to build robust, performance-optimized applications while implementing sophisticated automation, disaster recovery systems, and visualization tools. His dual expertise in software development and operations provides him with a unique perspective on building reliable, scalable systems from the ground up. Prior to LinkedIn, Nishant developed infrastructure-as-code solutions and data-ML pipelines at Paytm and designed high-availability software systems with comprehensive security implementations at Gemalto (now Thales Digital Identity and Security). His hands-on experience across the complete software delivery lifecycle, from coding applications to managing production infrastructure, gives him practical insights into the challenges and solutions that modern DevOps teams face daily. Nishant holds a master’s degree in computer engineering from Amity University Delhi and has published research in areas including algorithmic optimization and cloud automation. His technical expertise encompasses the full DevOps ecosystem, from containerization and orchestration to observability and security. As both a software engineer and DevOps practitioner, he understands the critical importance of bridging development

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and operations teams to achieve successful software delivery in today's fast- paced digital landscape.

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About the Reviewers ❖ Akhilesh Pandey is a freelance cloud, Kubernetes, DevOps, and solution architect with deep expertise in cloud-native technologies across AWS, GCP, and OCI. He engineers robust, automated infrastructure solutions using Terraform, Ansible, and Kubernetes, prioritizing infrastructure as code practices and operational efficiency. Akhilesh emphasizes monitoring the right signals through tools like Grafana, Nagios, and the ELK Stack to ensure reliability and observability. He is also an avid reader and technical reviewer for books on DevOps, CI/CD, and Kubernetes, actively contributing to the engineering community. ❖ Thiago specializes in designing, architecting, and automating mission- critical deployments across expansive infrastructures. Boasting over fifteen years of dynamic experience in the information technology sector, his expertise lies in crafting robust CI/CD pipelines and configuring management tools with a strong focus on infrastructure as code principles. He is highly proficient in fostering seamless communication, nurturing collaborative environments, and excelling both in team settings and independent projects. With advanced English proficiency and a hands- on approach, Thiago is driven by a passion for problem-solving and delivering impactful results. Renowned for his analytical acumen, he consistently drives innovation by envisioning and implementing forward-thinking strategies and solutions.

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Acknowledgement I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this book. First and foremost, I extend my heartfelt appreciation to my family and friends for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this journey. Their understanding during long writing sessions and their constant motivation have been invaluable. I would like to extend special thanks to my ex-colleagues and engineers I worked with, for their insights and real-world experiences that shaped many of the practical examples in this book. Your daily collaboration and problem-solving approaches have enriched the content significantly. I am immensely grateful to the DevOps community at large, the open- source contributors whose tools we rely on daily, and the thought leaders who continue to push the boundaries of what's possible in software delivery. I would also like to acknowledge BPB Publications for their guidance and expertise in bringing this book to fruition. Their support and assistance were invaluable in navigating the complexities of the publishing process. Special recognition goes the editors and technical reviewers who provided valuable feedback and contributed to the refinement of this manuscript. Their insights and suggestions have significantly enhanced the quality and accuracy of the technical content. Lastly, I want to express my gratitude to the readers who have shown interest in mastering DevOps practices. Your eagerness to learn and improve the software delivery process is what drives the continuous evolution of our field. Thank you to everyone who has played a part in making this book a reality.

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Preface In today's rapidly evolving software landscape, the ability to deliver high- quality applications quickly and reliably has become a competitive necessity. DevOps has emerged as the transformative methodology that bridges the traditional gap between development and operations, enabling organizations to achieve unprecedented speed, stability, and scalability in their software delivery processes. This book is designed as a comprehensive guide for software engineers, system administrators, and IT professionals who want to master the complete DevOps ecosystem. Through fifteen carefully structured chapters, this bootcamp covers everything from foundational cultural principles to advanced automation techniques, providing both theoretical knowledge and hands-on practical experience. Chapter 1: Understanding DevOps Culture and Principles - This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts and cultural shift required for successful DevOps adoption, exploring the evolution from traditional silos to collaborative, automated workflows. Chapter 2: Setting up Development Environments - This chapter focuses on creating consistent, reproducible environments using Docker, Vagrant, and Docker Compose, establishing the foundation for reliable software delivery. Chapter 3: Version Control and Git Workflows - This chapter dives deep into Git workflows and best practices, covering branching strategies, code review processes, and collaboration techniques essential for modern development teams. Chapter 4: Continuous Integration Fundamentals - This chapter explores Continuous Integration using Jenkins, GitHub Actions, and GitLab

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CI, teaching readers to build automated pipelines that catch issues early and maintain code quality. Chapter 5: Introduction to Infrastructure as Code - This chapter introduces Terraform, CloudFormation, and Ansible, enabling readers to manage and provision infrastructure through code, ensuring consistency and repeatability. Chapter 6: Continuous Delivery and Deployment - This chapter covers advanced deployment strategies including Blue/Green and Canary deployments, automated rollbacks, and feature flags for safe, reliable releases. Chapter 7: Configuration Management - This chapter explores Ansible, Puppet, and Chef for maintaining consistency across environments and managing configuration at scale. Chapter 8: Observability with TEMPLE- This chapter introduces a comprehensive framework covering Tracing, Events, Metrics, Profiling, Logs, and Exceptions using tools like Prometheus, Grafana, and the ELK Stack. Chapter 9: Containerization and Docker Best Practices - This chapter focuses on containerization best practices, security, and optimization techniques for building efficient, secure container images. Chapter 10: Kubernetes Essentials - This chapter covers container orchestration, auto-scaling, and Helm for managing complex applications in production environments. Chapter 11: DevSecOps: This chapter integrates security into DevOps workflows, covering automated security testing, secrets management, and compliance automation. Chapter 12: Continuous Testing and Quality Assurance - This chapter explores comprehensive testing strategies including TDD, BDD, and automation frameworks for maintaining quality throughout the delivery pipeline. Chapter 13: Site Reliability Engineering - This chapter introduces SRE principles, error budgets, and reliability practices for building and maintaining resilient systems at scale.

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Chapter 14: Advanced DevOps Automation - This chapter covers advanced patterns including microservices, GitOps, and platform engineering for scaling DevOps practices across large organizations. Chapter 15: Platform Engineering - This chapter explores emerging technologies like AI in DevOps, edge computing, and next-generation automation tools that will shape the future of software delivery. Each chapter includes practical exercises designed to reinforce learning through hands-on experience with industry-standard tools and real-world scenarios. Whether you're a developer looking to understand the complete software lifecycle or an operations professional wanting to embrace automation and collaboration, this bootcamp will equip you with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in today's DevOps-driven world. By the end of this journey, readers will have gained not only comprehensive theoretical knowledge but also practical experience in implementing DevOps practices, enabling them to drive digital transformation within their organizations and advance their careers in this critical field.

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Code Bundle and Coloured Images Please follow the link to download the Code Bundle and the Coloured Images of the book: https://rebrand.ly/16d547 The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/bpbpublications/DevOps-Security-and-Automation. In case there’s an update to the code, it will be updated on the existing GitHub repository. We have code bundles from our rich catalogue of books and videos available at https://github.com/bpbpublications. Check them out! Errata We take immense pride in our work at BPB Publications and follow best practices to ensure the accuracy of our content to provide with an indulging reading experience to our subscribers. Our readers are our mirrors, and we use their inputs to reflect and improve upon human errors, if any, that may have occurred during the publishing processes involved. To let us maintain the quality and help us reach out to any readers who might be having difficulties due to any unforeseen errors, please write to us at : errata@bpbonline.com Your support, suggestions and feedbacks are highly appreciated by the BPB Publications’ Family. Did you know that BPB offers eBook versions of every book published, with PDF and ePub files available? You can upgrade to the eBook version at www.bpbonline.com and as a print book customer, you are entitled to a discount on the eBook copy. Get in touch with us at : business@bpbonline.com for more details.

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Table of Contents 1. Understanding DevOps Culture and Principles Introduction Structure Objectives History and evolution of DevOps Core principles of DevOps DevOps culture and mindset Benefits of adopting DevOps practices Relationship between DevOps, Agile, and Lean methodologies Overcoming organizational resistance to DevOps Key DevOps roles and responsibilities DevOps maturity models and assessment frameworks Common DevOps maturity models DevOps maturity and DORA metrics DevSecOps integrating security into DevOps Conclusion 2. Setting up Development Environments Introduction Structure Objectives Containerization and its benefits Internal working of containers

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User space versus kernel space Control groups Namespaces Container namespaces, the apartment building analogy Docker and its fundamentals Docker image Docker containers Understanding Dockerfile Docker Compose for multi-container applications Microservice blog platform Building a containerized API with data persistence Challenge 1: Create a Dockerfile for a Node.js API Challenge 2: Add Redis and Link Services with Docker Compose Challenge 3: Test your multi-container application Vagrant for creating development environments Setting up a basic development environment Container orchestration basics Environment parity in DevOps Critical gaps Best practices for maintaining environmental parity Golden rule of environment parity Managing development environment configurations Integration with CI/CD pipelines Building a Flask and Redis visit counter with Docker Compose Conclusion 3. Version Control and Git Workflows Introduction Structure Objectives

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Git fundamentals Creating your first repository Adding your first files Fast-forward merge Three-way merge Interactive learning resources Popular Git workflows Gitflow GitHub Flow Trunk-based development Advanced Git techniques Rebasing Cherry-picking Submodules Putting it all together Branching strategies Feature branching Integration branch approach Trunk-based development for high-performance teams Release branch strategy Pull or merge request best practices Code review processes and tools Version control platforms and review capabilities Specialized code review solutions Emerging tools and AI integration Automating code quality with Git Hooks Types of Git Hooks Monorepo vs. multi-repo strategies Monorepo strategy Advantages of monorepo Challenges of monorepo

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Multi-repo strategy Advantages of multi-repo Challenges of multi-repo Factors influencing repository strategy decisions Version controlling configuration and infrastructure code Practical infrastructure as code organization Common Git pitfalls and how to avoid them Force-pushing dangers Forgetting to pull before committing Committing sensitive information Conclusion 4. Continuous Integration Fundamentals Introduction Structure Objectives Principles and benefits of continuous integration Overview of CI tools Jenkins: Veteran of CI/CD GitLab CI: Integrated DevOps solution GitHub Actions: native GitHub workflow automation CircleCI: cloud-native CI/CD platform Setting up CI pipelines Pipeline stages Jobs Automated testing in CI Code quality check and static code analysis Artifact management and versioning CI best practices and common pitfalls Metrics and KPIs for CI effectiveness

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Scaling CI for large projects and monorepos Security considerations in CI pipelines Conclusion 5. Introduction to Infrastructure as Code Introduction Structure Objectives Principles and benefits of IaC Declarative vs. imperative IaC Declarative approach Imperative approach Terraform fundamentals HashiCorp Configuration Language Provider Resources Modules AWS CloudFormation Stacks ChangeSet Managing cloud resources with IaC Version control practices for IaC IaC security best practices Integrating IaC with CI/CD pipelines Managing multi-environment deployments Conclusion 6. Continuous Delivery and Deployment Introduction Structure

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Objectives Continuous Delivery vs. Continuous Deployment Continuous Delivery Continuous Deployment Building deployment pipelines Best practices for building deployment pipeline Deployment strategies Blue/Green Deployment Canary Deployment Rolling Updates Feature flags and Trunk-based Development Feature flags Code-level implementation Trunk-based development Automating database schema changes Need for database automation Environment promotion and artifact management Environment promotion Artifact management Rollback strategies Observability in CD Security considerations in deployments CD metrics and KPIs Compliance and auditing in CD pipelines Conclusion 7. Configuration Management Introduction Structure Objectives