C# Notes for Professionals. 700+ pages of professional hints and tricks (GoalKicker.com) (Z-Library)

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C# Notes for ProfessionalsC# Notes for Professionals GoalKicker.com Free Programming Books Disclaimer This is an unocial free book created for educational purposes and is not aliated with ocial C# group(s) or company(s). All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners 700+ pages of professional hints and tricks

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Contents About 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................... Chapter 1: Getting started with C# Language 2 ............................................................................................... Section 1.1: Creating a new console application (Visual Studio) 2 ............................................................................... Section 1.2: Creating a new project in Visual Studio (console application) and Running it in Debug mode 4 .................................................................................................................................................................................. Section 1.3: Creating a new program using .NET Core 7 .............................................................................................. Section 1.4: Creating a new program using Mono 9 ..................................................................................................... Section 1.5: Creating a new query using LinqPad 9 ...................................................................................................... Section 1.6: Creating a new project using Xamarin Studio 12 ...................................................................................... Chapter 2: Literals 18 ...................................................................................................................................................... Section 2.1: uint literals 18 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 2.2: int literals 18 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 2.3: sbyte literals 18 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 2.4: decimal literals 18 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 2.5: double literals 18 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 2.6: float literals 18 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 2.7: long literals 18 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 2.8: ulong literal 18 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 2.9: string literals 19 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 2.10: char literals 19 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 2.11: byte literals 19 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 2.12: short literal 19 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 2.13: ushort literal 19 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 2.14: bool literals 19 ............................................................................................................................................. Chapter 3: Operators 20 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 3.1: Overloadable Operators 20 ......................................................................................................................... Section 3.2: Overloading equality operators 21 ............................................................................................................ Section 3.3: Relational Operators 22 .............................................................................................................................. Section 3.4: Implicit Cast and Explicit Cast Operators 24 ............................................................................................. Section 3.5: Short-circuiting Operators 25 ..................................................................................................................... Section 3.6: ? : Ternary Operator 26 ............................................................................................................................... Section 3.7: ?. (Null Conditional Operator) 27 ................................................................................................................ Section 3.8: "Exclusive or" Operator 27 .......................................................................................................................... Section 3.9: default Operator 28 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 3.10: Assignment operator '=' 28 ........................................................................................................................ Section 3.11: sizeof 28 ........................................................................................................................................................ Section 3.12: ?? Null-Coalescing Operator 29 ................................................................................................................ Section 3.13: Bit-Shifting Operators 29 ........................................................................................................................... Section 3.14: => Lambda operator 29 ............................................................................................................................. Section 3.15: Class Member Operators: Null Conditional Member Access 31 ............................................................ Section 3.16: Class Member Operators: Null Conditional Indexing 31 ......................................................................... Section 3.17: Postfix and Prefix increment and decrement 31 ..................................................................................... Section 3.18: typeof 32 ..................................................................................................................................................... Section 3.19: Binary operators with assignment 32 ...................................................................................................... Section 3.20: nameof Operator 32 ................................................................................................................................. Section 3.21: Class Member Operators: Member Access 33 ........................................................................................ Section 3.22: Class Member Operators: Function Invocation 33 .................................................................................

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Section 3.23: Class Member Operators: Aggregate Object Indexing 33 .................................................................... Chapter 4: Conditional Statements 34 .................................................................................................................. Section 4.1: If-Else Statement 34 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 4.2: If statement conditions are standard boolean expressions and values 34 .......................................... Section 4.3: If-Else If-Else Statement 35 ......................................................................................................................... Chapter 5: Equality Operator 36 ............................................................................................................................... Section 5.1: Equality kinds in c# and equality operator 36 ........................................................................................... Chapter 6: Equals and GetHashCode 37 ............................................................................................................... Section 6.1: Writing a good GetHashCode override 37 ................................................................................................. Section 6.2: Default Equals behavior 37 ......................................................................................................................... Section 6.3: Override Equals and GetHashCode on custom types 38 ........................................................................ Section 6.4: Equals and GetHashCode in IEqualityComparator 39 ............................................................................. Chapter 7: Null-Coalescing Operator 41 ............................................................................................................... Section 7.1: Basic usage 41 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 7.2: Null fall-through and chaining 41 .............................................................................................................. Section 7.3: Null coalescing operator with method calls 42 ......................................................................................... Section 7.4: Use existing or create new 43 .................................................................................................................... Section 7.5: Lazy properties initialization with null coalescing operator 43 ............................................................... Chapter 8: Null-conditional Operators 44 ............................................................................................................ Section 8.1: Null-Conditional Operator 44 ...................................................................................................................... Section 8.2: The Null-Conditional Index 44 .................................................................................................................... Section 8.3: Avoiding NullReferenceExceptions 45 ....................................................................................................... Section 8.4: Null-conditional Operator can be used with Extension Method 45 ........................................................ Chapter 9: nameof Operator 47 ................................................................................................................................ Section 9.1: Basic usage: Printing a variable name 47 .................................................................................................. Section 9.2: Raising PropertyChanged event 47 ........................................................................................................... Section 9.3: Argument Checking and Guard Clauses 48 .............................................................................................. Section 9.4: Strongly typed MVC action links 48 ........................................................................................................... Section 9.5: Handling PropertyChanged events 49 ...................................................................................................... Section 9.6: Applied to a generic type parameter 49 ................................................................................................... Section 9.7: Printing a parameter name 50 ................................................................................................................... Section 9.8: Applied to qualified identifiers 50 ............................................................................................................... Chapter 10: Verbatim Strings 51 ............................................................................................................................... Section 10.1: Interpolated Verbatim Strings 51 .............................................................................................................. Section 10.2: Escaping Double Quotes 51 ...................................................................................................................... Section 10.3: Verbatim strings instruct the compiler to not use character escapes 51 ............................................ Section 10.4: Multiline Strings 52 ..................................................................................................................................... Chapter 11: Common String Operations 53 .......................................................................................................... Section 11.1: Formatting a string 53 ................................................................................................................................. Section 11.2: Correctly reversing a string 53 .................................................................................................................. Section 11.3: Padding a string to a fixed length 54 ........................................................................................................ Section 11.4: Getting x characters from the right side of a string 55 ........................................................................... Section 11.5: Checking for empty String using String.IsNullOrEmpty() and String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace() 56 ................................................................................................................................................................................ Section 11.6: Trimming Unwanted Characters O the Start and/or End of Strings 57 ............................................. Section 11.7: Convert Decimal Number to Binary,Octal and Hexadecimal Format 57 .............................................. Section 11.8: Construct a string from Array 57 .............................................................................................................. Section 11.9: Formatting using ToString 58 .................................................................................................................... Section 11.10: Splitting a String by another string 59 .....................................................................................................

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Section 11.11: Splitting a String by specific character 59 ................................................................................................ Section 11.12: Getting Substrings of a given string 59 ................................................................................................... Section 11.13: Determine whether a string begins with a given sequence 59 ............................................................. Section 11.14: Getting a char at specific index and enumerating the string 59 ........................................................... Section 11.15: Joining an array of strings into a new one 60 ........................................................................................ Section 11.16: Replacing a string within a string 60 ........................................................................................................ Section 11.17: Changing the case of characters within a String 60 .............................................................................. Section 11.18: Concatenate an array of strings into a single string 61 ........................................................................ Section 11.19: String Concatenation 61 ............................................................................................................................ Chapter 12: String.Format 62 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 12.1: Since C# 6.0 62 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 12.2: Places where String.Format is 'embedded' in the framework 62 .......................................................... Section 12.3: Create a custom format provider 62 ....................................................................................................... Section 12.4: Date Formatting 63 .................................................................................................................................... Section 12.5: Currency Formatting 64 ............................................................................................................................ Section 12.6: Using custom number format 65 .............................................................................................................. Section 12.7: Align left/ right, pad with spaces 65 ......................................................................................................... Section 12.8: Numeric formats 66 ................................................................................................................................... Section 12.9: ToString() 66 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 12.10: Escaping curly brackets inside a String.Format() expression 67 ......................................................... Section 12.11: Relationship with ToString() 67 ................................................................................................................ Chapter 13: String Concatenate 68 .......................................................................................................................... Section 13.1: + Operator 68 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 13.2: Concatenate strings using System.Text.StringBuilder 68 ....................................................................... Section 13.3: Concat string array elements using String.Join 68 ................................................................................. Section 13.4: Concatenation of two strings using $ 69 ................................................................................................. Chapter 14: String Manipulation 70 ......................................................................................................................... Section 14.1: Replacing a string within a string 70 ......................................................................................................... Section 14.2: Finding a string within a string 70 ............................................................................................................. Section 14.3: Removing (Trimming) white-space from a string 70 ............................................................................. Section 14.4: Splitting a string using a delimiter 71 ....................................................................................................... Section 14.5: Concatenate an array of strings into a single string 71 ......................................................................... Section 14.6: String Concatenation 71 ............................................................................................................................ Section 14.7: Changing the case of characters within a String 71 ............................................................................... Chapter 15: String Interpolation 73 ......................................................................................................................... Section 15.1: Format dates in strings 73 ......................................................................................................................... Section 15.2: Padding the output 73 ............................................................................................................................... Section 15.3: Expressions 74 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 15.4: Formatting numbers in strings 74 ............................................................................................................ Section 15.5: Simple Usage 75 ......................................................................................................................................... Chapter 16: String Escape Sequences 76 .............................................................................................................. Section 16.1: Escaping special symbols in string literals 76 .......................................................................................... Section 16.2: Unicode character escape sequences 76 ................................................................................................ Section 16.3: Escaping special symbols in character literals 76 .................................................................................. Section 16.4: Using escape sequences in identifiers 76 ................................................................................................ Section 16.5: Unrecognized escape sequences produce compile-time errors 77 ..................................................... Chapter 17: StringBuilder 78 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 17.1: What a StringBuilder is and when to use one 78 ..................................................................................... Section 17.2: Use StringBuilder to create string from a large number of records 79 ...............................................

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Chapter 18: Regex Parsing 80 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 18.1: Single match 80 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 18.2: Multiple matches 80 ................................................................................................................................... Chapter 19: DateTime Methods 81 ........................................................................................................................... Section 19.1: DateTime Formatting 81 ............................................................................................................................ Section 19.2: DateTime.AddDays(Double) 82 ................................................................................................................ Section 19.3: DateTime.AddHours(Double) 82 ............................................................................................................... Section 19.4: DateTime.Parse(String) 82 ........................................................................................................................ Section 19.5: DateTime.TryParse(String, DateTime) 82 ................................................................................................ Section 19.6: DateTime.AddMilliseconds(Double) 83 .................................................................................................... Section 19.7: DateTime.Compare(DateTime t1, DateTime t2 ) 83 ................................................................................ Section 19.8: DateTime.DaysInMonth(Int32, Int32) 83 ................................................................................................. Section 19.9: DateTime.AddYears(Int32) 84 ................................................................................................................... Section 19.10: Pure functions warning when dealing with DateTime 84 ..................................................................... Section 19.11: DateTime.TryParseExact(String, String, IFormatProvider, DateTimeStyles, DateTime) 84 ................................................................................................................................................................................ Section 19.12: DateTime.Add(TimeSpan) 86 ................................................................................................................... Section 19.13: Parse and TryParse with culture info 86 ................................................................................................. Section 19.14: DateTime as initializer in for-loop 87 ...................................................................................................... Section 19.15: DateTime.ParseExact(String, String, IFormatProvider) 87 ................................................................. Section 19.16: DateTime ToString, ToShortDateString, ToLongDateString and ToString formatted 88 ................. Section 19.17: Current Date 88 ......................................................................................................................................... Chapter 20: Arrays 89 ..................................................................................................................................................... Section 20.1: Declaring an array 89 ................................................................................................................................ Section 20.2: Initializing an array filled with a repeated non-default value 89 ......................................................... Section 20.3: Copying arrays 90 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 20.4: Comparing arrays for equality 90 ........................................................................................................... Section 20.5: Multi-dimensional arrays 91 ..................................................................................................................... Section 20.6: Getting and setting array values 91 ........................................................................................................ Section 20.7: Iterate over an array 91 ............................................................................................................................ Section 20.8: Creating an array of sequential numbers 92 ......................................................................................... Section 20.9: Jagged arrays 92 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 20.10: Array covariance 94 ................................................................................................................................ Section 20.11: Arrays as IEnumerable<> instances 94 ................................................................................................... Section 20.12: Checking if one array contains another array 94 ................................................................................ Chapter 21: O(n) Algorithm for circular rotation of an array 96 .............................................................. Section 21.1: Example of a generic method that rotates an array by a given shift 96 ............................................. Chapter 22: Enum 98 ....................................................................................................................................................... Section 22.1: Enum basics 98 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 22.2: Enum as flags 99 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 22.3: Using << notation for flags 101 ................................................................................................................ Section 22.4: Test flags-style enum values with bitwise logic 101 .............................................................................. Section 22.5: Add and remove values from flagged enum 102 .................................................................................. Section 22.6: Enum to string and back 102 ................................................................................................................... Section 22.7: Enums can have unexpected values 103 ................................................................................................ Section 22.8: Default value for enum == ZERO 103 ...................................................................................................... Section 22.9: Adding additional description information to an enum value 104 ....................................................... Section 22.10: Get all the members values of an enum 105 ........................................................................................ Section 22.11: Bitwise Manipulation using enums 105 ................................................................................................... Chapter 23: Tuples 106 ...................................................................................................................................................

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Section 23.1: Accessing tuple elements 106 ................................................................................................................... Section 23.2: Creating tuples 106 ................................................................................................................................... Section 23.3: Comparing and sorting Tuples 106 ......................................................................................................... Section 23.4: Return multiple values from a method 107 ............................................................................................ Chapter 24: Guid 108 ....................................................................................................................................................... Section 24.1: Getting the string representation of a Guid 108 ..................................................................................... Section 24.2: Creating a Guid 108 ................................................................................................................................... Section 24.3: Declaring a nullable GUID 108 ................................................................................................................. Chapter 25: BigInteger 110 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 25.1: Calculate the First 1,000-Digit Fibonacci Number 110 ............................................................................ Chapter 26: Collection Initializers 111 ..................................................................................................................... Section 26.1: Collection initializers 111 ............................................................................................................................ Section 26.2: C# 6 Index Initializers 111 ......................................................................................................................... Section 26.3: Collection initializers in custom classes 112 ............................................................................................ Section 26.4: Using collection initializer inside object initializer 113 ............................................................................ Section 26.5: Collection Initializers with Parameter Arrays 114 ................................................................................... Chapter 27: An overview of C# collections 115 ................................................................................................. Section 27.1: HashSet<T> 115 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 27.2: Dictionary<TKey, TValue> 115 ................................................................................................................. Section 27.3: SortedSet<T> 116 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 27.4: T[ ] (Array of T) 116 .................................................................................................................................. Section 27.5: List<T> 117 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 27.6: Stack<T> 117 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 27.7: LinkedList<T> 117 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 27.8: Queue 118 .................................................................................................................................................. Chapter 28: Looping 119 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 28.1: For Loop 119 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 28.2: Do - While Loop 120 .................................................................................................................................. Section 28.3: Foreach Loop 120 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 28.4: Looping styles 121 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 28.5: Nested loops 122 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 28.6: continue 122 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 28.7: While loop 123 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 28.8: break 123 ................................................................................................................................................... Chapter 29: Iterators 125 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 29.1: Creating Iterators Using Yield 125 ............................................................................................................ Section 29.2: Simple Numeric Iterator Example 126 ..................................................................................................... Chapter 30: IEnumerable 127 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 30.1: IEnumerable with custom Enumerator 127 ............................................................................................. Section 30.2: IEnumerable<int> 128 ................................................................................................................................ Chapter 31: Value type vs Reference type 129 .................................................................................................. Section 31.1: Passing by reference using ref keyword 129 ........................................................................................... Section 31.2: Changing values elsewhere 130 ............................................................................................................... Section 31.3: ref vs out parameters 131 ......................................................................................................................... Section 31.4: Assignment 132 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 31.5: Dierence with method parameters ref and out 132 ............................................................................ Section 31.6: Passing by reference 133 .......................................................................................................................... Chapter 32: Built-in Types 134 .................................................................................................................................... Section 32.1: Conversion of boxed value types 134 ......................................................................................................

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Section 32.2: Comparisons with boxed value types 134 .............................................................................................. Section 32.3: Immutable reference type - string 134 ................................................................................................... Section 32.4: Value type - char 135 ................................................................................................................................ Section 32.5: Value type - short, int, long (signed 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit integers) 135 ................................................. Section 32.6: Value type - ushort, uint, ulong (unsigned 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit integers) 135 ...................................... Section 32.7: Value type - bool 136 ................................................................................................................................ Chapter 33: Aliases of built-in types 137 ............................................................................................................... Section 33.1: Built-In Types Table 137 ............................................................................................................................ Chapter 34: Anonymous types 138 .......................................................................................................................... Section 34.1: Anonymous vs dynamic 138 ..................................................................................................................... Section 34.2: Creating an anonymous type 138 ........................................................................................................... Section 34.3: Anonymous type equality 138 .................................................................................................................. Section 34.4: Generic methods with anonymous types 139 ........................................................................................ Section 34.5: Instantiating generic types with anonymous types 139 ........................................................................ Section 34.6: Implicitly typed arrays 139 ....................................................................................................................... Chapter 35: Dynamic type 141 ................................................................................................................................... Section 35.1: Creating a dynamic object with properties 141 ...................................................................................... Section 35.2: Creating a dynamic variable 141 ............................................................................................................. Section 35.3: Returning dynamic 141 ............................................................................................................................. Section 35.4: Handling Specific Types Unknown at Compile Time 141 ...................................................................... Chapter 36: Type Conversion 143 ............................................................................................................................. Section 36.1: Explicit Type Conversion 143 ..................................................................................................................... Section 36.2: MSDN implicit operator example 143 ...................................................................................................... Chapter 37: Casting 145 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 37.1: Checking compatibility without casting 145 ............................................................................................ Section 37.2: Cast an object to a base type 145 ........................................................................................................... Section 37.3: Conversion Operators 145 ........................................................................................................................ Section 37.4: LINQ Casting operations 147 .................................................................................................................... Section 37.5: Explicit Casting 147 .................................................................................................................................... Section 37.6: Safe Explicit Casting (`as` operator) 147 ................................................................................................. Section 37.7: Implicit Casting 148 .................................................................................................................................... Section 37.8: Explicit Numeric Conversions 148 ............................................................................................................ Chapter 38: Nullable types 149 .................................................................................................................................. Section 38.1: Initialising a nullable 149 ............................................................................................................................ Section 38.2: Check if a Nullable has a value 149 ......................................................................................................... Section 38.3: Get the value of a nullable type 149 ........................................................................................................ Section 38.4: Getting a default value from a nullable 150 ........................................................................................... Section 38.5: Default value of nullable types is null 150 .............................................................................................. Section 38.6: Eective usage of underlying Nullable<T> argument 151 .................................................................... Section 38.7: Check if a generic type parameter is a nullable type 152 .................................................................... Chapter 39: Constructors and Finalizers 153 ...................................................................................................... Section 39.1: Static constructor 153 ................................................................................................................................ Section 39.2: Singleton constructor pattern 154 ........................................................................................................... Section 39.3: Default Constructor 154 ............................................................................................................................ Section 39.4: Forcing a static constructor to be called 155 ......................................................................................... Section 39.5: Calling a constructor from another constructor 156 ............................................................................. Section 39.6: Calling the base class constructor 156 .................................................................................................... Section 39.7: Finalizers on derived classes 157 ............................................................................................................. Section 39.8: Exceptions in static constructors 157 ......................................................................................................

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Section 39.9: Constructor and Property Initialization 158 ............................................................................................ Section 39.10: Generic Static Constructors 160 ............................................................................................................. Section 39.11: Calling virtual methods in constructor 160 ............................................................................................. Chapter 40: Access Modifiers 162 ............................................................................................................................ Section 40.1: Access Modifiers Diagrams 162 ................................................................................................................ Section 40.2: public 163 ................................................................................................................................................... Section 40.3: private 163 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 40.4: protected internal 164 ............................................................................................................................... Section 40.5: internal 165 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 40.6: protected 166 ............................................................................................................................................. Chapter 41: Interfaces 167 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 41.1: Implementing an interface 167 .................................................................................................................. Section 41.2: Explicit interface implementation 167 ...................................................................................................... Section 41.3: Interface Basics 169 ................................................................................................................................... Section 41.4: IComparable<T> as an Example of Implementing an Interface 171 .................................................... Section 41.5: Implementing multiple interfaces 172 ...................................................................................................... Section 41.6: Why we use interfaces 172 ....................................................................................................................... Section 41.7: "Hiding" members with Explicit Implementation 173 .............................................................................. Chapter 42: Static Classes 175 ................................................................................................................................... Section 42.1: Static Classes 175 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 42.2: Static class lifetime 175 ............................................................................................................................. Section 42.3: Static keyword 176 .................................................................................................................................... Chapter 43: Singleton Implementation 177 ........................................................................................................ Section 43.1: Statically Initialized Singleton 177 ............................................................................................................. Section 43.2: Lazy, thread-safe Singleton (using Lazy<T>) 177 .................................................................................. Section 43.3: Lazy, thread-safe Singleton (using Double Checked Locking) 177 ...................................................... Section 43.4: Lazy, thread safe singleton (for .NET 3.5 or older, alternate implementation) 178 ........................... Chapter 44: Dependency Injection 180 ................................................................................................................. Section 44.1: Dependency Injection C# and ASP.NET with Unity 180 .......................................................................... Section 44.2: Dependency injection using MEF 182 ...................................................................................................... Chapter 45: Partial class and methods 185 ........................................................................................................ Section 45.1: Partial classes 185 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 45.2: Partial classes inheriting from a base class 185 .................................................................................... Section 45.3: Partial methods 186 .................................................................................................................................. Chapter 46: Object initializers 187 ........................................................................................................................... Section 46.1: Simple usage 187 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 46.2: Usage with non-default constructors 187 ............................................................................................... Section 46.3: Usage with anonymous types 187 ........................................................................................................... Chapter 47: Methods 189 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 47.1: Calling a Method 189 ................................................................................................................................. Section 47.2: Anonymous method 189 ........................................................................................................................... Section 47.3: Declaring a Method 190 ............................................................................................................................ Section 47.4: Parameters and Arguments 190 .............................................................................................................. Section 47.5: Return Types 190 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 47.6: Default Parameters 191 ............................................................................................................................ Section 47.7: Method overloading 192 ........................................................................................................................... Section 47.8: Access rights 193 ....................................................................................................................................... Chapter 48: Extension Methods 194 ........................................................................................................................ Section 48.1: Extension methods - overview 194 ...........................................................................................................

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Section 48.2: Null checking 196 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 48.3: Explicitly using an extension method 197 ............................................................................................... Section 48.4: Generic Extension Methods 197 ............................................................................................................... Section 48.5: Extension methods can only see public (or internal) members of the extended class 199 .............. Section 48.6: Extension methods for chaining 199 ....................................................................................................... Section 48.7: Extension methods with Enumeration 200 .............................................................................................. Section 48.8: Extension methods dispatch based on static type 201 ......................................................................... Section 48.9: Extension methods on Interfaces 202 ..................................................................................................... Section 48.10: Extension methods in combination with interfaces 203 ....................................................................... Section 48.11: Extension methods aren't supported by dynamic code 203 ................................................................ Section 48.12: Extensions and interfaces together enable DRY code and mixin-like functionality 204 .................. Section 48.13: IList<T> Extension Method Example: Comparing 2 Lists 205 ............................................................... Section 48.14: Extension methods as strongly typed wrappers 206 ........................................................................... Section 48.15: Using Extension methods to create beautiful mapper classes 206 .................................................... Section 48.16: Using Extension methods to build new collection types (e.g. DictList) 207 ........................................ Section 48.17: Extension methods for handling special cases 208 .............................................................................. Section 48.18: Using Extension methods with Static methods and Callbacks 209 .................................................... Chapter 49: Named Arguments 211 ........................................................................................................................ Section 49.1: Argument order is not necessary 211 ...................................................................................................... Section 49.2: Named arguments and optional parameters 211 ................................................................................. Section 49.3: Named Arguments can make your code more clear 211 .................................................................... Chapter 50: Named and Optional Arguments 213 ........................................................................................... Section 50.1: Optional Arguments 213 ........................................................................................................................... Section 50.2: Named Arguments 214 ............................................................................................................................. Chapter 51: Data Annotation 217 .............................................................................................................................. Section 51.1: Data Annotation Basics 217 ....................................................................................................................... Section 51.2: Creating a custom validation attribute 217 ............................................................................................. Section 51.3: Manually Execute Validation Attributes 218 ............................................................................................ Section 51.4: Validation Attributes 218 ........................................................................................................................... Section 51.5: EditableAttribute (data modeling attribute) 220 ..................................................................................... Chapter 52: Keywords 222 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 52.1: as 222 .......................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.2: goto 223 ...................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.3: volatile 224 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.4: checked, unchecked 225 ........................................................................................................................... Section 52.5: virtual, override, new 226 .......................................................................................................................... Section 52.6: stackalloc 229 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 52.7: break 230 .................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.8: const 232 .................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.9: async, await 233 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 52.10: for 234 ....................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.11: abstract 235 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 52.12: fixed 236 .................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.13: default 237 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 52.14: sealed 238 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.15: is 238 .......................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.16: this 239 ...................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.17: readonly 240 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 52.18: typeof 241 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.19: foreach 241 ...............................................................................................................................................

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Section 52.20: dynamic 242 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 52.21: try, catch, finally, throw 243 .................................................................................................................... Section 52.22: void 244 .................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.23: namespace 244 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 52.24: ref, out 245 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 52.25: base 246 ................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.26: float, double, decimal 248 ....................................................................................................................... Section 52.27: operator 249 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 52.28: char 250 .................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.29: params 250 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 52.30: while 251 ................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.31: null 253 ...................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.32: continue 254 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 52.33: string 254 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.34: return 255 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.35: unsafe 255 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 52.36: switch 257 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.37: var 258 ...................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.38: when 259 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.39: lock 260 ..................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.40: uint 261 ..................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.41: if, if...else, if... else if 261 ............................................................................................................................. Section 52.42: static 262 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.43: internal 264 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 52.44: using 265 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.45: where 265 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.46: int 267 ....................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.47: ulong 268 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.48: true, false 268 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 52.49: struct 268 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.50: extern 269 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.51: bool 270 ..................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.52: interface 270 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 52.53: delegate 271 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 52.54: unchecked 271 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 52.55: ushort 272 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.56: sizeof 272 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.57: in 272 ......................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.58: implicit 273 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 52.59: do 273 ....................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.60: long 274 .................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.61: enum 274 ................................................................................................................................................... Section 52.62: partial 275 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 52.63: event 276 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 52.64: sbyte 277 .................................................................................................................................................. Chapter 53: Object Oriented Programming In C# 278 ................................................................................... Section 53.1: Classes: 278 ................................................................................................................................................. Chapter 54: Recursion 279 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 54.1: Recursion in plain English 279 ................................................................................................................... Section 54.2: Fibonacci Sequence 279 ...........................................................................................................................

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Section 54.3: PowerOf calculation 280 ........................................................................................................................... Section 54.4: Recursively describe an object structure 280 ........................................................................................ Section 54.5: Using Recursion to Get Directory Tree 281 ............................................................................................ Section 54.6: Factorial calculation 284 ........................................................................................................................... Chapter 55: Naming Conventions 285 .................................................................................................................... Section 55.1: Capitalization conventions 285 ................................................................................................................. Section 55.2: Enums 286 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 55.3: Interfaces 286 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 55.4: Exceptions 286 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 55.5: Private fields 287 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 55.6: Namespaces 287 ....................................................................................................................................... Chapter 56: XML Documentation Comments 288 ............................................................................................. Section 56.1: Simple method annotation 288 ................................................................................................................. Section 56.2: Generating XML from documentation comments 288 .......................................................................... Section 56.3: Method documentation comment with param and returns elements 290 ......................................... Section 56.4: Interface and class documentation comments 290 .............................................................................. Section 56.5: Referencing another class in documentation 291 ................................................................................. Chapter 57: Comments and regions 292 ............................................................................................................... Section 57.1: Comments 292 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 57.2: Regions 292 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 57.3: Documentation comments 293 ................................................................................................................ Chapter 58: Inheritance 295 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 58.1: Inheritance. Constructors' calls sequence 295 ........................................................................................ Section 58.2: Inheriting from a base class 297 .............................................................................................................. Section 58.3: Inheriting from a class and implementing an interface 298 ................................................................. Section 58.4: Inheriting from a class and implementing multiple interfaces 298 ...................................................... Section 58.5: Constructors In A Subclass 299 ................................................................................................................ Section 58.6: Inheritance Anti-patterns 299 ................................................................................................................... Section 58.7: Extending an abstract base class 300 ..................................................................................................... Section 58.8: Testing and navigating inheritance 301 .................................................................................................. Section 58.9: Inheriting methods 301 ............................................................................................................................. Section 58.10: Base class with recursive type specification 302 .................................................................................. Chapter 59: Generics 305 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 59.1: Implicit type inference (methods) 305 ..................................................................................................... Section 59.2: Type inference (classes) 306 ................................................................................................................... Section 59.3: Using generic method with an interface as a constraint type 306 ...................................................... Section 59.4: Type constraints (new-keyword) 307 ..................................................................................................... Section 59.5: Type constraints (classes and interfaces) 308 ....................................................................................... Section 59.6: Checking equality of generic values 309 ................................................................................................ Section 59.7: Reflecting on type parameters 310 ......................................................................................................... Section 59.8: Covariance 310 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 59.9: Contravariance 311 ................................................................................................................................... Section 59.10: Invariance 312 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 59.11: Variant interfaces 312 .............................................................................................................................. Section 59.12: Variant delegates 313 .............................................................................................................................. Section 59.13: Variant types as parameters and return values 314 ........................................................................... Section 59.14: Type Parameters (Interfaces) 314 ......................................................................................................... Section 59.15: Type constraints (class and struct) 315 ................................................................................................. Section 59.16: Explicit type parameters 315 .................................................................................................................. Section 59.17: Type Parameters (Classes) 315 ..............................................................................................................

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Section 59.18: Type Parameters (Methods) 316 ............................................................................................................ Section 59.19: Generic type casting 316 ......................................................................................................................... Section 59.20: Configuration reader with generic type casting 317 ........................................................................... Chapter 60: Using Statement 319 ............................................................................................................................. Section 60.1: Using Statement Basics 319 ...................................................................................................................... Section 60.2: Gotcha: returning the resource which you are disposing 320 .............................................................. Section 60.3: Multiple using statements with one block 321 ........................................................................................ Section 60.4: Gotcha: Exception in Dispose method masking other errors in Using blocks 322 ............................. Section 60.5: Using statements are null-safe 322 ......................................................................................................... Section 60.6: Using Dispose Syntax to define custom scope 322 ............................................................................... Section 60.7: Using Statements and Database Connections 323 ............................................................................... Section 60.8: Executing code in constraint context 325 ............................................................................................... Chapter 61: Using Directive 326 .................................................................................................................................. Section 61.1: Associate an Alias to Resolve Conflicts 326 ............................................................................................. Section 61.2: Using alias directives 326 .......................................................................................................................... Section 61.3: Access Static Members of a Class 326 ..................................................................................................... Section 61.4: Basic Usage 327 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 61.5: Reference a Namespace 327 .................................................................................................................... Section 61.6: Associate an Alias with a Namespace 327 .............................................................................................. Chapter 62: IDisposable interface 329 ................................................................................................................... Section 62.1: In a class that contains only managed resources 329 ........................................................................... Section 62.2: In a class with managed and unmanaged resources 329 .................................................................... Section 62.3: IDisposable, Dispose 330 .......................................................................................................................... Section 62.4: using keyword 330 .................................................................................................................................... Section 62.5: In an inherited class with managed resources 331 ................................................................................ Chapter 63: Reflection 332 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 63.1: Get the members of a type 332 ................................................................................................................ Section 63.2: Get a method and invoke it 332 ............................................................................................................... Section 63.3: Creating an instance of a Type 333 ......................................................................................................... Section 63.4: Get a Strongly-Typed Delegate to a Method or Property via Reflection 336 .................................... Section 63.5: Get a generic method and invoke it 337 ................................................................................................. Section 63.6: Get a System.Type 338 ............................................................................................................................. Section 63.7: Getting and setting properties 338 .......................................................................................................... Section 63.8: Create an instance of a Generic Type and invoke it's method 338 ..................................................... Section 63.9: Custom Attributes 339 ............................................................................................................................... Section 63.10: Instantiating classes that implement an interface (e.g. plugin activation) 340 ................................. Section 63.11: Get a Type by name with namespace 340 ............................................................................................. Section 63.12: Determining generic arguments of instances of generic types 341 ................................................... Section 63.13: Looping through all the properties of a class 342 ................................................................................ Chapter 64: IQueryable interface 343 .................................................................................................................... Section 64.1: Translating a LINQ query to a SQL query 343 ........................................................................................ Chapter 65: Linq to Objects 344 ................................................................................................................................ Section 65.1: Using LINQ to Objects in C# 344 ............................................................................................................... Chapter 66: LINQ Queries 348 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 66.1: Chaining methods 348 ............................................................................................................................... Section 66.2: First, FirstOrDefault, Last, LastOrDefault, Single, and SingleOrDefault 349 ........................................ Section 66.3: Except 352 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 66.4: SelectMany 354 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 66.5: Any 355 .......................................................................................................................................................

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Section 66.6: JOINS 355 ................................................................................................................................................... Section 66.7: Skip and Take 358 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 66.8: Defining a variable inside a Linq query (let keyword) 358 ................................................................... Section 66.9: Zip 359 ........................................................................................................................................................ Section 66.10: Range and Repeat 359 ............................................................................................................................ Section 66.11: Basics 360 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 66.12: All 360 ........................................................................................................................................................ Section 66.13: Aggregate 361 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 66.14: Distinct 362 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 66.15: SelectMany: Flattening a sequence of sequences 362 ......................................................................... Section 66.16: GroupBy 364 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 66.17: Query collection by type / cast elements to type 365 ......................................................................... Section 66.18: Enumerating the Enumerable 366 .......................................................................................................... Section 66.19: Using Range with various Linq methods 367 ........................................................................................ Section 66.20: Where 368 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 66.21: Using SelectMany instead of nested loops 368 .................................................................................... Section 66.22: Contains 368 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 66.23: Joining multiple sequences 370 ............................................................................................................. Section 66.24: Joining on multiple keys 372 .................................................................................................................. Section 66.25: ToLookup 372 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 66.26: SkipWhile 372 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 66.27: Query Ordering - OrderBy() ThenBy() OrderByDescending() ThenByDescending() 373 .............. Section 66.28: Sum 374 .................................................................................................................................................... Section 66.29: GroupBy one or multiple fields 374 ....................................................................................................... Section 66.30: OrderBy 375 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 66.31: Any and First(OrDefault) - best practice 376 ........................................................................................ Section 66.32: GroupBy Sum and Count 376 ................................................................................................................. Section 66.33: SequenceEqual 377 ................................................................................................................................. Section 66.34: ElementAt and ElementAtOrDefault 377 ............................................................................................... Section 66.35: DefaultIfEmpty 378 .................................................................................................................................. Section 66.36: ToDictionary 379 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 66.37: Concat 380 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 66.38: Build your own Linq operators for IEnumerable<T> 380 ..................................................................... Section 66.39: Select - Transforming elements 381 ..................................................................................................... Section 66.40: OrderByDescending 382 ......................................................................................................................... Section 66.41: Union 382 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 66.42: GroupJoin with outer range variable 383 ............................................................................................. Section 66.43: Linq Quantifiers 383 ................................................................................................................................. Section 66.44: TakeWhile 383 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 66.45: Reverse 384 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 66.46: Count and LongCount 385 ...................................................................................................................... Section 66.47: Incrementally building a query 385 ....................................................................................................... Section 66.48: Select with Func<TSource, int, TResult> selector - Use to get ranking of elements 387 ................. Chapter 67: LINQ to XML 389 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 67.1: Read XML using LINQ to XML 389 ............................................................................................................ Chapter 68: Parallel LINQ (PLINQ) 391 ................................................................................................................... Section 68.1: Simple example 391 ................................................................................................................................... Section 68.2: WithDegreeOfParallelism 391 .................................................................................................................. Section 68.3: AsOrdered 391 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 68.4: AsUnordered 391 .......................................................................................................................................

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Chapter 69: XmlDocument and the System.Xml namespace 392 ............................................................ Section 69.1: XmlDocument vs XDocument (Example and comparison) 392 ............................................................ Section 69.2: Reading from XML document 394 ........................................................................................................... Section 69.3: Basic XML document interaction 395 ...................................................................................................... Chapter 70: XDocument and the System.Xml.Linq namespace 396 ...................................................... Section 70.1: Generate an XML document 396 .............................................................................................................. Section 70.2: Generate an XML document using fluent syntax 396 ............................................................................ Section 70.3: Modify XML File 397 ................................................................................................................................... Chapter 71: C# 7.0 Features 399 ................................................................................................................................ Section 71.1: Language support for Tuples 399 ............................................................................................................. Section 71.2: Local functions 403 .................................................................................................................................... Section 71.3: out var declaration 404 .............................................................................................................................. Section 71.4: Pattern Matching 405 ................................................................................................................................. Section 71.5: Digit separators 407 ................................................................................................................................... Section 71.6: Binary literals 407 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 71.7: throw expressions 408 ................................................................................................................................ Section 71.8: Extended expression bodied members list 409 ....................................................................................... Section 71.9: ref return and ref local 410 ....................................................................................................................... Section 71.10: ValueTask<T> 411 ..................................................................................................................................... Chapter 72: C# 6.0 Features 413 ............................................................................................................................... Section 72.1: Exception filters 413 ................................................................................................................................... Section 72.2: String interpolation 417 ............................................................................................................................. Section 72.3: Auto-property initializers 423 ................................................................................................................... Section 72.4: Null propagation 426 ................................................................................................................................. Section 72.5: Expression-bodied function members 429 ............................................................................................. Section 72.6: Operator nameof 431 ............................................................................................................................... Section 72.7: Using static type 433 ................................................................................................................................. Section 72.8: Index initializers 433 .................................................................................................................................. Section 72.9: Improved overload resolution 435 ........................................................................................................... Section 72.10: Await in catch and finally 436 ................................................................................................................. Section 72.11: Minor changes and bugfixes 437 ............................................................................................................. Section 72.12: Using an extension method for collection initialization 437 ................................................................ Section 72.13: Disable Warnings Enhancements 438 .................................................................................................... Chapter 73: C# 5.0 Features 440 ............................................................................................................................... Section 73.1: Async & Await 440 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 73.2: Caller Information Attributes 441 ............................................................................................................. Chapter 74: C# 4.0 Features 442 .............................................................................................................................. Section 74.1: Optional parameters and named arguments 442 .................................................................................. Section 74.2: Variance 443 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 74.3: Dynamic member lookup 443 .................................................................................................................. Section 74.4: Optional ref keyword when using COM 444 ........................................................................................... Chapter 75: C# 3.0 Features 445 ............................................................................................................................... Section 75.1: Implicitly typed variables (var) 445 .......................................................................................................... Section 75.2: Language Integrated Queries (LINQ) 445 .............................................................................................. Section 75.3: Lambda expresions 446 ............................................................................................................................ Section 75.4: Anonymous types 446 ............................................................................................................................... Chapter 76: Exception Handling 448 ........................................................................................................................ Section 76.1: Creating Custom Exceptions 448 .............................................................................................................. Section 76.2: Finally block 450 ........................................................................................................................................

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Section 76.3: Best Practices 451 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 76.4: Exception Anti-patterns 453 ..................................................................................................................... Section 76.5: Basic Exception Handling 455 .................................................................................................................. Section 76.6: Handling specific exception types 455 .................................................................................................... Section 76.7: Aggregate exceptions / multiple exceptions from one method 456 ................................................... Section 76.8: Throwing an exception 457 ...................................................................................................................... Section 76.9: Unhandled and Thread Exception 457 .................................................................................................... Section 76.10: Implementing IErrorHandler for WCF Services 458 .............................................................................. Section 76.11: Using the exception object 460 ................................................................................................................ Section 76.12: Nesting of Exceptions & try catch blocks 462 ....................................................................................... Chapter 77: NullReferenceException 463 ............................................................................................................. Section 77.1: NullReferenceException explained 463 .................................................................................................... Chapter 78: Handling FormatException when converting string to other types 464 .................... Section 78.1: Converting string to integer 464 ............................................................................................................... Chapter 79: Read & Understand Stacktraces 466 ........................................................................................... Section 79.1: Stack trace for a simple NullReferenceException in Windows Forms 466 ........................................... Chapter 80: Diagnostics 468 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 80.1: Redirecting log output with TraceListeners 468 ..................................................................................... Section 80.2: Debug.WriteLine 468 ................................................................................................................................. Chapter 81: Overflow 469 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 81.1: Integer overflow 469 ................................................................................................................................... Section 81.2: Overflow during operation 469 ................................................................................................................. Section 81.3: Ordering matters 469 ................................................................................................................................. Chapter 82: Getting Started: Json with C# 470 ................................................................................................. Section 82.1: Simple Json Example 470 .......................................................................................................................... Section 82.2: First things First: Library to work with Json 470 ..................................................................................... Section 82.3: C# Implementation 470 ............................................................................................................................ Section 82.4: Serialization 471 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 82.5: Deserialization 471 .................................................................................................................................... Section 82.6: Serialization & De-Serialization Common Utilities function 471 ........................................................... Chapter 83: Using json.net 473 ................................................................................................................................... Section 83.1: Using JsonConverter on simple values 473 ............................................................................................ Section 83.2: Collect all fields of JSON object 475 ........................................................................................................ Chapter 84: Lambda expressions 477 .................................................................................................................... Section 84.1: Lambda Expressions as Shorthand for Delegate Initialization 477 ...................................................... Section 84.2: Lambda Expression as an Event Handler 477 ........................................................................................ Section 84.3: Lambda Expressions with Multiple Parameters or No Parameters 478 .............................................. Section 84.4: Lambdas can be emitted both as `Func` and `Expression` 478 ............................................................ Section 84.5: Put Multiple Statements in a Statement Lambda 478 ........................................................................... Section 84.6: Lambdas for both `Func` and `Action` 479 .............................................................................................. Section 84.7: Using lambda syntax to create a closure 479 ........................................................................................ Section 84.8: Passing a Lambda Expression as a Parameter to a Method 479 ........................................................ Section 84.9: Basic lambda expressions 479 ................................................................................................................. Section 84.10: Basic lambda expressions with LINQ 480 .............................................................................................. Section 84.11: Lambda syntax with statement block body 480 ................................................................................... Section 84.12: Lambda expressions with System.Linq.Expressions 480 ...................................................................... Chapter 85: Generic Lambda Query Builder 481 .............................................................................................. Section 85.1: QueryFilter class 481 .................................................................................................................................. Section 85.2: GetExpression Method 481 .......................................................................................................................

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Section 85.3: GetExpression Private overload 482 ........................................................................................................ Section 85.4: ConstantExpression Method 483 ............................................................................................................. Section 85.5: Usage 484 ................................................................................................................................................... Chapter 86: Properties 485 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 86.1: Auto-implemented properties 485 ........................................................................................................... Section 86.2: Default Values for Properties 485 ............................................................................................................ Section 86.3: Public Get 486 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 86.4: Public Set 486 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 86.5: Accessing Properties 486 .......................................................................................................................... Section 86.6: Read-only properties 488 ......................................................................................................................... Section 86.7: Various Properties in Context 488 ............................................................................................................ Chapter 87: Initializing Properties 490 ................................................................................................................... Section 87.1: C# 6.0: Initialize an Auto-Implemented Property 490 ............................................................................. Section 87.2: Initializing Property with a Backing Field 490 ......................................................................................... Section 87.3: Property Initialization during object instantiation 490 ........................................................................... Section 87.4: Initializing Property in Constructor 490 ................................................................................................... Chapter 88: INotifyPropertyChanged interface 491 ...................................................................................... Section 88.1: Implementing INotifyPropertyChanged in C# 6 491 .............................................................................. Section 88.2: INotifyPropertyChanged With Generic Set Method 492 ........................................................................ Chapter 89: Events 494 ................................................................................................................................................... Section 89.1: Declaring and Raising Events 494 ............................................................................................................ Section 89.2: Event Properties 495 ................................................................................................................................. Section 89.3: Creating cancelable event 496 ................................................................................................................. Section 89.4: Standard Event Declaration 497 .............................................................................................................. Section 89.5: Anonymous Event Handler Declaration 498 .......................................................................................... Section 89.6: Non-Standard Event Declaration 498 ..................................................................................................... Section 89.7: Creating custom EventArgs containing additional data 499 ................................................................ Chapter 90: Expression Trees 501 ............................................................................................................................ Section 90.1: Create Expression Trees with a lambda expression 501 ....................................................................... Section 90.2: Creating Expression Trees by Using the API 501 ................................................................................... Section 90.3: Compiling Expression Trees 501 .............................................................................................................. Section 90.4: Parsing Expression Trees 502 .................................................................................................................. Section 90.5: Expression Tree Basic 502 ........................................................................................................................ Section 90.6: Examining the Structure of an Expression using Visitor 503 ................................................................. Section 90.7: Understanding the expressions API 503 .................................................................................................. Chapter 91: Overload Resolution 505 ...................................................................................................................... Section 91.1: Basic Overloading Example 505 ................................................................................................................ Section 91.2: "params" is not expanded, unless necessary 505 .................................................................................. Section 91.3: Passing null as one of the arguments 506 ............................................................................................... Chapter 92: BindingList<T> 507 .................................................................................................................................. Section 92.1: Add item to list 507 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 92.2: Avoiding N*2 iteration 507 ........................................................................................................................ Chapter 93: Preprocessor directives 508 .............................................................................................................. Section 93.1: Conditional Expressions 508 ...................................................................................................................... Section 93.2: Other Compiler Instructions 508 .............................................................................................................. Section 93.3: Defining and Undefining Symbols 509 .................................................................................................... Section 93.4: Region Blocks 510 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 93.5: Disabling and Restoring Compiler Warnings 510 .................................................................................. Section 93.6: Generating Compiler Warnings and Errors 510 .....................................................................................

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Section 93.7: Custom Preprocessors at project level 511 ............................................................................................ Section 93.8: Using the Conditional attribute 511 ......................................................................................................... Chapter 94: Structs 513 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 94.1: Declaring a struct 513 ................................................................................................................................ Section 94.2: Struct usage 514 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 94.3: Structs are copied on assignment 515 .................................................................................................... Section 94.4: Struct implementing interface 515 .......................................................................................................... Chapter 95: Attributes 516 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 95.1: Creating a custom attribute 516 ............................................................................................................... Section 95.2: Reading an attribute 516 .......................................................................................................................... Section 95.3: Using an attribute 517 ............................................................................................................................... Section 95.4: DebuggerDisplay Attribute 517 ............................................................................................................... Section 95.5: Caller info attributes 518 ........................................................................................................................... Section 95.6: Obsolete Attribute 519 .............................................................................................................................. Section 95.7: Reading an attribute from interface 519 ................................................................................................ Chapter 96: Delegates 521 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 96.1: Declaring a delegate type 521 .................................................................................................................. Section 96.2: The Func<T, TResult>, Action<T> and Predicate<T> delegate types 522 ............................................ Section 96.3: Combine Delegates (Multicast Delegates) 523 ...................................................................................... Section 96.4: Safe invoke multicast delegate 524 ......................................................................................................... Section 96.5: Delegate Equality 525 ............................................................................................................................... Section 96.6: Underlying references of named method delegates 525 ..................................................................... Section 96.7: Assigning a named method to a delegate 526 ...................................................................................... Section 96.8: Assigning to a delegate by lambda 527 ................................................................................................. Section 96.9: Encapsulating transformations in funcs 527 .......................................................................................... Section 96.10: Passing delegates as parameters 527 ................................................................................................... Section 96.11: Closure inside a delegate 528 .................................................................................................................. Chapter 97: File and Stream I/O 529 ...................................................................................................................... Section 97.1: Reading from a file using the System.IO.File class 529 .......................................................................... Section 97.2: Lazily reading a file line-by-line via an IEnumerable 529 ..................................................................... Section 97.3: Async write text to a file using StreamWriter 529 .................................................................................. Section 97.4: Copy File 529 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 97.5: Writing lines to a file using the System.IO.StreamWriter class 530 ...................................................... Section 97.6: Writing to a file using the System.IO.File class 530 ................................................................................ Section 97.7: Create File 531 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 97.8: Move File 531 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 97.9: Delete File 532 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 97.10: Files and Directories 532 ......................................................................................................................... Chapter 98: Networking 533 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 98.1: Basic TCP Communication Client 533 ...................................................................................................... Section 98.2: Download a file from a web server 533 .................................................................................................. Section 98.3: Async TCP Client 534 ................................................................................................................................. Section 98.4: Basic UDP Client 535 ................................................................................................................................. Chapter 99: Performing HTTP requests 536 ........................................................................................................ Section 99.1: Creating and sending an HTTP POST request 536 ................................................................................. Section 99.2: Creating and sending an HTTP GET request 536 .................................................................................. Section 99.3: Error handling of specific HTTP response codes (such as 404 Not Found) 537 ................................ Section 99.4: Retrieve HTML for Web Page (Simple) 537 ............................................................................................ Section 99.5: Sending asynchronous HTTP POST request with JSON body 537 ......................................................

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Chapter 100: Reading and writing .zip files 539 ................................................................................................. Section 100.1: Writing to a zip file 539 ............................................................................................................................. Section 100.2: Writing Zip Files in-memory 539 ............................................................................................................ Section 100.3: Get files from a Zip file 539 ..................................................................................................................... Section 100.4: The following example shows how to open a zip archive and extract all .txt files to a folder 540 ............................................................................................................................................................................. Chapter 101: FileSystemWatcher 541 ...................................................................................................................... Section 101.1: IsFileReady 541 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 101.2: Basic FileWatcher 541 .............................................................................................................................. Chapter 102: Access network shared folder with username and password 543 .............................. Section 102.1: Code to access network shared file 543 ................................................................................................ Chapter 103: Asynchronous Socket 545 ................................................................................................................. Section 103.1: Asynchronous Socket (Client / Server) example 545 ........................................................................... Chapter 104: Action Filters 552 .................................................................................................................................. Section 104.1: Custom Action Filters 552 ......................................................................................................................... Chapter 105: Polymorphism 553 ................................................................................................................................ Section 105.1: Types of Polymorphism 553 .................................................................................................................... Section 105.2: Another Polymorphism Example 554 ..................................................................................................... Chapter 106: Immutability 557 .................................................................................................................................... Section 106.1: System.String class 557 ............................................................................................................................ Section 106.2: Strings and immutability 557 .................................................................................................................. Chapter 107: Indexer 558 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 107.1: A simple indexer 558 ................................................................................................................................. Section 107.2: Overloading the indexer to create a SparseArray 558 ........................................................................ Section 107.3: Indexer with 2 arguments and interface 559 ........................................................................................ Chapter 108: Checked and Unchecked 560 .......................................................................................................... Section 108.1: Checked and Unchecked 560 .................................................................................................................. Section 108.2: Checked and Unchecked as a scope 560 ............................................................................................. Chapter 109: Stream 561 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 109.1: Using Streams 561 .................................................................................................................................... Chapter 110: Timers 563 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 110.1: Multithreaded Timers 563 ......................................................................................................................... Section 110.2: Creating an Instance of a Timer 564 ...................................................................................................... Section 110.3: Assigning the "Tick" event handler to a Timer 565 ............................................................................... Section 110.4: Example: Using a Timer to perform a simple countdown 565 ............................................................. Chapter 111: Stopwatches 567 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 111.1: IsHighResolution 567 .................................................................................................................................. Section 111.2: Creating an Instance of a Stopwatch 567 ............................................................................................... Chapter 112: Threading 569 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 112.1: Avoiding Reading and Writing Data Simultaneously 569 ..................................................................... Section 112.2: Creating and Starting a Second Thread 570 ......................................................................................... Section 112.3: Parallel.ForEach Loop 570 ........................................................................................................................ Section 112.4: Deadlocks (hold resource and wait) 571 ................................................................................................ Section 112.5: Simple Complete Threading Demo 573 .................................................................................................. Section 112.6: Creating One Thread Per Processor 574 ................................................................................................ Section 112.7: Simple Complete Threading Demo using Tasks 574 ............................................................................ Section 112.8: Deadlocks (two threads waiting on each other) 575 ............................................................................ Section 112.9: Explicit Task Parallism 576 .......................................................................................................................

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Section 112.10: Implicit Task Parallelism 576 .................................................................................................................. Section 112.11: Starting a thread with parameters 577 .................................................................................................. Chapter 113: Async/await, Backgroundworker, Task and Thread Examples 578 ............................ Section 113.1: ASP.NET Configure Await 578 ................................................................................................................... Section 113.2: Task "run and forget" extension 580 ...................................................................................................... Section 113.3: Async/await 580 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 113.4: BackgroundWorker 581 ........................................................................................................................... Section 113.5: Task 582 ..................................................................................................................................................... Section 113.6: Thread 583 ................................................................................................................................................. Chapter 114: Async-Await 584 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 114.1: Await operator and async keyword 584 ................................................................................................. Section 114.2: Concurrent calls 585 ................................................................................................................................. Section 114.3: Try/Catch/Finally 586 .............................................................................................................................. Section 114.4: Returning a Task without await 587 ....................................................................................................... Section 114.5: Async/await will only improve performance if it allows the machine to do additional work 587 ............................................................................................................................................................................. Section 114.6: Web.config setup to target 4.5 for correct async behaviour 588 ........................................................ Section 114.7: Simple consecutive calls 588 .................................................................................................................... Section 114.8: Blocking on async code can cause deadlocks 589 ............................................................................... Chapter 115: Synchronization Context in Async-Await 591 ........................................................................... Section 115.1: Pseudocode for async/await keywords 591 .......................................................................................... Section 115.2: Disabling synchronization context 591 ................................................................................................... Section 115.3: Why SynchronizationContext is so important? 592 ............................................................................... Chapter 116: BackgroundWorker 593 ...................................................................................................................... Section 116.1: Using a BackgroundWorker to complete a task 593 ............................................................................. Section 116.2: Assigning Event Handlers to a BackgroundWorker 594 ...................................................................... Section 116.3: Creating a new BackgroundWorker instance 595 ................................................................................. Section 116.4: Assigning Properties to a BackgroundWorker 595 ............................................................................... Chapter 117: Task Parallel Library 596 ................................................................................................................... Section 117.1: Parallel.ForEach 596 .................................................................................................................................. Section 117.2: Parallel.For 596 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 117.3: Parallel.Invoke 597 .................................................................................................................................... Chapter 118: Making a variable thread safe 598 ............................................................................................... Section 118.1: Controlling access to a variable in a Parallel.For loop 598 ................................................................... Chapter 119: Lock Statement 599 .............................................................................................................................. Section 119.1: Throwing exception in a lock statement 599 .......................................................................................... Section 119.2: Simple usage 599 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 119.3: Return in a lock statement 600 ................................................................................................................ Section 119.4: Anti-Patterns and gotchas 600 ................................................................................................................ Section 119.5: Using instances of Object for lock 604 ................................................................................................... Chapter 120: Yield Keyword 605 ................................................................................................................................. Section 120.1: Simple Usage 605 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 120.2: Correctly checking arguments 605 ........................................................................................................ Section 120.3: Early Termination 606 ............................................................................................................................. Section 120.4: More Pertinent Usage 607 ....................................................................................................................... Section 120.5: Lazy Evaluation 608 ................................................................................................................................. Section 120.6: Try...finally 609 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 120.7: Eager evaluation 610 ............................................................................................................................... Section 120.8: Using yield to create an IEnumerator<T> when implementing IEnumerable<T> 610 ......................

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Section 120.9: Lazy Evaluation Example: Fibonacci Numbers 611 .............................................................................. Section 120.10: The dierence between break and yield break 612 ........................................................................... Section 120.11: Return another Enumerable within a method returning Enumerable 613 ........................................ Chapter 121: Task Parallel Library (TPL) Dataflow Constructs 614 ......................................................... Section 121.1: ActionBlock<T> 614 ................................................................................................................................... Section 121.2: BroadcastBlock<T> 614 ............................................................................................................................ Section 121.3: BuerBlock<T> 615 ................................................................................................................................... Section 121.4: JoinBlock<T1, T2,…> 616 ............................................................................................................................ Section 121.5: WriteOnceBlock<T> 617 ........................................................................................................................... Section 121.6: BatchedJoinBlock<T1, T2,…> 618 .............................................................................................................. Section 121.7: TransformBlock<TInput, TOutput> 619 .................................................................................................. Section 121.8: TransformManyBlock<TInput, TOutput> 619 ......................................................................................... Section 121.9: BatchBlock<T> 620 ................................................................................................................................... Chapter 122: Functional Programming 622 .......................................................................................................... Section 122.1: Func and Action 622 ................................................................................................................................. Section 122.2: Higher-Order Functions 622 .................................................................................................................... Section 122.3: Avoid Null References 622 ....................................................................................................................... Section 122.4: Immutability 624 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 122.5: Immutable collections 625 ...................................................................................................................... Chapter 123: Func delegates 626 ............................................................................................................................... Section 123.1: Without parameters 626 .......................................................................................................................... Section 123.2: With multiple variables 626 ..................................................................................................................... Section 123.3: Lambda & anonymous methods 627 ..................................................................................................... Section 123.4: Covariant & Contravariant Type Parameters 627 ................................................................................ Chapter 124: Function with multiple return values 629 ................................................................................. Section 124.1: "anonymous object" + "dynamic keyword" solution 629 ..................................................................... Section 124.2: Tuple solution 629 .................................................................................................................................... Section 124.3: Ref and Out Parameters 629 .................................................................................................................. Chapter 125: Binary Serialization 631 ..................................................................................................................... Section 125.1: Controlling serialization behavior with attributes 631 ........................................................................... Section 125.2: Serialization Binder 631 ........................................................................................................................... Section 125.3: Some gotchas in backward compatibility 633 ...................................................................................... Section 125.4: Making an object serializable 635 .......................................................................................................... Section 125.5: Serialization surrogates (Implementing ISerializationSurrogate) 636 ................................................ Section 125.6: Adding more control by implementing ISerializable 638 ..................................................................... Chapter 126: ICloneable 640 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 126.1: Implementing ICloneable in a class 640 ................................................................................................. Section 126.2: Implementing ICloneable in a struct 640 ............................................................................................... Chapter 127: IComparable 642 .................................................................................................................................... Section 127.1: Sort versions 642 ....................................................................................................................................... Chapter 128: Accessing Databases 644 .................................................................................................................. Section 128.1: Connection Strings 644 ............................................................................................................................. Section 128.2: Entity Framework Connections 644 ....................................................................................................... Section 128.3: ADO.NET Connections 645 ...................................................................................................................... Chapter 129: Using SQLite in C# 648 ........................................................................................................................ Section 129.1: Creating simple CRUD using SQLite in C# 648 ...................................................................................... Section 129.2: Executing Query 651 ................................................................................................................................ Chapter 130: Caching 653 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 130.1: MemoryCache 653 ....................................................................................................................................