Learning PHP, MySQL JavaScript A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating Dynamic Websites, 7th Edition (Robin Nixon) (Z-Library)

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Robin Nixon A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating Dynamic Websites 7th Edition Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript

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9 7 8 1 0 9 8 1 5 2 3 5 2 5 5 9 9 9 ISBN: 978-1-098-15235-2 US $59.99 CAN $74.99 WEB DEVELOPMENT Build interactive, data-driven websites with the potent combination of open source technologies and web standards, even if you have only basic HTML knowledge. With the latest edition of this popular hands-on guide, you’ll tackle dynamic web programming using the most recent versions of today’s core technologies: PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, HTML5, jQuery, Node.js, and the powerful React library. Web designers will learn how to use these technologies together while picking up valuable web programming practices along the way, including how to optimize websites for mobile devices. You’ll put everything together to build a fully functional social networking site suitable for both desktop and mobile browsers. • Explore MySQL from database structure to complex queries • Use the MySQL PDO extension, PHP’s improved MySQL interface • Create dynamic PHP web pages that tailor themselves to the user • Manage cookies and sessions and maintain a high level of security • Use Ajax calls for background browser-server communication • Style your web pages by acquiring CSS skills • Reformat your websites into mobile web apps • Learn to use enhanced CSS features, such as CSS Grid and Flexbox Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript “This is a great beginner’s book that introduces several crucial web developer languages. It’s a quick-paced, easy-to-read, information- packed book that will soon have you creating dynamically driven websites, including a basic social networking site.” Albert Wiersch Developer of CSE HTML Validator Robin Nixon has worked with and written about computers since the early 1980s. One of the websites he developed presented the world’s first radio station licensed by the music copyright holders. He also developed the first known pop-up windows to enable people to surf while listening. Earlier in his career, Robin worked full time for one of Britain’s main IT magazine publishers, where he held several roles including editorial, promotions, and cover disc editing.

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Robin Nixon Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating Dynamic Websites SEVENTH EDITION

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978-1-098-15235-2 [LSI] Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript by Robin Nixon Copyright © 2025 Robin Nixon. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Acquisitions Editors: Amanda Quinn & Louise Corrigan Development Editors: Rita Fernando & Michele Cronin Production Editor: Elizabeth Faerm Copyeditor: Piper Editorial Consulting, LLC Proofreader: Kim Cofer Indexer: Sue Klefstad Interior Designer: David Futato Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Illustrator: Kate Dullea January 2025: Seventh Edition Revision History for the Seventh Edition 2025-01-10: First Release See oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=0636920912620 for release details. The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The views expressed in this work are those of the author, and do not represent the publisher’s views. While the publisher and the author have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the author disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.

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This book is dedicated to all the readers who have contributed ideas, suggestions, errata, and otherwise generally helped keep its contents fresh and relevant throughout seven editions since 2009. I salute your dedication to PHP and the associated technologies covered in this book—please always keep your feedback coming.

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Table of Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix 1. Introduction to Dynamic Web Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 HTTP and HTML: Berners-Lee’s Basics 2 The Request/Response Procedure 3 The Benefits of PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, and HTML 5 MariaDB: The MySQL Clone 6 Using PHP 7 Using MySQL 8 Using JavaScript 9 Using CSS 10 And Then There’s HTML5 11 The Apache Web Server 12 Node.js: An Alternative to Apache 13 About Open Source 14 Bringing It All Together 14 Questions 16 2. Setting Up a Development Server. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 What Is a WAMP, MAMP, or LAMP? 18 Installing AMPPS on Windows 18 Testing the Installation 23 Accessing the Document Root (Windows) 25 Alternative WAMPs 26 Installing AMPPS on macOS 27 Installing a LAMP on Linux 29 Working Remotely 29 Logging In 29 v

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Transferring Files 30 Using a Code Editor 31 Questions 32 3. Introduction to PHP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Incorporating PHP Within HTML 33 This Book’s Examples 35 The Structure of PHP 35 Using Comments 35 Basic Syntax 36 Variables 37 Operators 42 Variable Assignment 46 Multiline Strings 49 Variable Typing 52 Constants 53 Predefined Constants 53 The Difference Between the echo and print Commands 54 Functions 55 Variable Scope 56 Questions 62 4. Expressions and Control Flow in PHP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Expressions 63 TRUE or FALSE? 64 Literals and Variables 65 Operators 66 Operator Precedence 67 Associativity 69 Relational Operators 70 Conditionals 74 The if Statement 75 The else Statement 76 The elseif Statement 78 The switch Statement 79 The ? (or Ternary) Operator 82 Looping 83 while Loops 84 do...while Loops 86 for Loops 86 Breaking Out of a Loop 88 vi | Table of Contents

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The continue Statement 89 Implicit and Explicit Casting 90 PHP Modularization 91 Questions 92 5. PHP Functions and Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 PHP Functions 94 Defining a Function 96 Returning a Value 96 Returning an Array 98 Returning Global Variables 98 Recap of Variable Scope 99 Including and Requiring Files 99 The include Statement 100 Using include_once 100 Using require and require_once 101 PHP Version Compatibility 101 PHP Objects 102 Terminology 102 Declaring a Class 104 Creating an Object 105 Accessing Objects 105 Cloning Objects 106 Constructors 108 Destructors 108 Writing Methods 109 Declaring Properties 110 Static Methods 110 Declaring Constants 111 Property and Method Scope 112 Static Properties 113 Inheritance 114 Questions 118 6. PHP Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Basic Access 119 Numerically Indexed Arrays 119 Associative Arrays 121 Assignment Using the array Keyword 122 The foreach...as Loop 123 Multidimensional Arrays 125 Table of Contents | vii

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Using Array Functions 129 is_array 129 count 129 sort 129 shuffle 130 explode 130 compact 131 reset 132 end 133 Questions 133 7. Practical PHP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Using printf 135 Precision Setting 137 String Padding 138 Using sprintf 139 Date and Time Functions 140 Date Constants 142 Using checkdate 143 File Handling 143 Checking Whether a File Exists 143 Creating a File 144 Reading from Files 145 Copying Files 146 Moving a File 147 Deleting a File 147 Updating Files 148 Locking Files for Multiple Accesses 149 Reading an Entire File 151 Uploading Files 152 System Calls 157 Questions 159 8. Introduction to MySQL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 MySQL Basics 161 Key Database Terms 162 Accessing MySQL via the Command Line 162 Starting the Command-Line Interface 163 Using the Command-Line Interface 167 MySQL Commands 168 Data Types 173 viii | Table of Contents

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Indexes 184 Creating an Index 184 Querying a MySQL Database 190 Joining Tables 201 Using Logical Operators 204 MySQL Functions 205 Accessing MySQL via phpMyAdmin 205 Questions 207 9. Mastering MySQL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Database Design 209 Primary Keys: The Keys to Relational Databases 210 Normalization 211 First Normal Form 212 Second Normal Form 214 Third Normal Form 217 When Not to Use Normalization 219 Relationships 219 One-to-One 220 One-to-Many 220 Many-to-Many 221 Databases and Privacy 223 Transactions 223 Transaction Storage Engines 223 Using START TRANSACTION 225 Using COMMIT 225 Using ROLLBACK 225 Using EXPLAIN 226 Backing Up and Restoring 228 Using mysqldump 228 Creating a Backup File 230 Restoring from a Backup File 232 Dumping Data in CSV Format 233 Planning Your Backups 233 Questions 234 10. Accessing MySQL Using PHP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Querying a MySQL Database with PHP 235 The Process 235 Creating a Login File 236 Connecting to a MySQL Database 238 Table of Contents | ix

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Building and Executing a Query 239 Fetching a Result 239 Fetching a Row While Specifying the Style 241 Closing a Connection 242 A Practical Example 243 The $_POST Array 246 Deleting a Record 247 Displaying the Form 247 Querying the Database 248 Running the Program 249 Practical MySQL 250 Creating a Table 250 Describing a Table 251 Dropping a Table 252 Adding Data 253 Retrieving Data 254 Updating Data 255 Deleting Data 255 Using AUTO_INCREMENT 256 Performing Additional Queries 257 Preventing Hacking Attempts 259 Steps You Can Take 260 Using Placeholders 261 Preventing JavaScript Injection into HTML 264 Questions 266 11. Form Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Building Forms 267 Retrieving Submitted Data 269 Default Values 270 Input Types 271 Sanitizing Input 283 An Example Program 284 Questions 287 12. Cookies, Sessions, and Authentication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Using Cookies in PHP 289 Setting a Cookie 291 Accessing a Cookie 292 Destroying a Cookie 292 HTTP Authentication 292 x | Table of Contents

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Storing Usernames and Passwords 296 An Example Program 298 Using Sessions 301 Starting a Session 302 Ending a Session 304 Setting a Timeout 305 Session Security 306 Questions 309 13. Exploring JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Outputting the Results 312 Using console.log 312 Using alert 312 Writing into Elements 312 Using document.write 312 JavaScript and HTML Text 313 Using Scripts Within a Document Head 315 Including JavaScript Files 315 Debugging JavaScript Errors 316 Using Comments 316 Semicolons 317 Variables 317 String Variables 318 Numeric Variables 318 Arrays 318 Operators 319 Arithmetic Operators 319 Assignment Operators 320 Comparison Operators 320 Logical Operators 321 Incrementing, Decrementing, and Shorthand Assignment 321 String Concatenation 321 Escape Characters 322 Variable Typing 322 Functions 324 Global Variables 324 Local Variables 325 Using let 326 Using const 327 The Document Object Model 328 Another Use for the $ Symbol 330 Table of Contents | xi

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Using the DOM 330 Questions 332 14. Expressions and Control Flow in JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Expressions 333 Literals and Variables 334 Operators 335 Operator Precedence 336 Associativity 337 Relational Operators 337 Using onerror 342 Using try...catch 343 Conditionals 344 The if Statement 344 The else Statement 344 The switch Statement 345 The ? Operator 347 Looping 347 while Loops 348 do...while Loops 348 for Loops 349 Breaking Out of a Loop 350 The continue Statement 351 Explicit Casting 351 Questions 352 15. JavaScript Functions, Objects, and Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 JavaScript Functions 353 Defining a Function 353 Returning a Value 356 Returning an Array 358 JavaScript Objects 359 Declaring a Class 359 Creating an Instance 360 Accessing Objects 360 Static Methods and Properties 361 The Legacy Objects Simulated with Functions 361 JavaScript Arrays 363 Arrays 363 Associative Arrays 364 Multidimensional Arrays 365 xii | Table of Contents

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Using Array Methods 366 Anonymous Functions 372 Arrow Functions 373 Questions 373 16. JavaScript and PHP Validation and Error Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Validating User Input with JavaScript 375 The validate.html Document (Part 1) 376 The validate.html Document (Part 2) 379 Regular Expressions 383 Matching Through Metacharacters 383 Wildcard Matching 384 Grouping Through Parentheses 385 Character Classes 386 Indicating a Range 386 Negation 386 Some More Complicated Examples 387 Summary of Metacharacters 389 General Modifiers 391 Using Regular Expressions in JavaScript 391 Using Regular Expressions in PHP 392 Redisplaying a Form After PHP Validation 393 Questions 400 17. Using Asynchronous Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 The Fetch API 403 Your First Asynchronous Program 404 The Server Half of the Asynchronous Process 406 Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) 407 Using GET Instead of POST 409 Sending JSON Requests 410 Using XMLHttpRequest 412 Using Frameworks for Asynchronous Communication 413 Questions 413 18. Advanced CSS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Attribute Selectors 416 The ^= Operator 417 The $= Operator 417 The *= Operator 417 The box-sizing Property 417 Table of Contents | xiii

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CSS Backgrounds 418 The background-clip Property 419 The background-origin Property 421 The background-size Property 421 Using the auto Value 422 Multiple Backgrounds 422 CSS Borders 425 The border-color Property 425 The border-radius Property 426 Box Shadows 428 Element Overflow 429 Multicolumn Layout 429 Colors and Opacity 431 HSL Colors 431 HSLA Colors 432 RGB Colors 432 RGBA Colors 433 The opacity Property 433 Text Effects 433 The text-shadow Property 433 The text-overflow Property 434 The word-wrap Property 435 Web Fonts 435 Google Web Fonts 436 Transformations 438 Transitions 440 Properties to Transition 440 Transition Duration 441 Transition Delay 441 Transition Timing 441 Shorthand Syntax 442 Flexbox 444 Flex Items 445 Flow Direction 445 Justifying Content 447 Aligning Items 449 Aligning Content 450 Resizing Items 451 Flex Wrap 451 Order 453 Item Gaps 453 xiv | Table of Contents

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CSS Grid 454 Grid Container 454 Grid Columns and Rows 455 Grid Flow 456 Placing Grid Items 457 Grid Gaps 458 Alignment 459 Questions 460 19. Accessing CSS from JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Revisiting the getElementById Function 463 The byId Function 464 The style Function 464 The by Function 465 Including the Functions 465 Accessing CSS Properties from JavaScript 466 Some Common Properties 466 Other Properties 468 Inline JavaScript 469 The this Keyword 470 Attaching Events to Objects in a Script 470 Attaching to Other Events 471 Adding New Elements 472 Removing Elements 474 Alternatives to Adding and Removing Elements 474 Time-based Events 475 Using setTimeout 475 Using setInterval 476 Using Time-Based Events for Animation 478 Questions 480 20. Introduction to React. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 What Is the Point of React Anyway? 484 Accessing the React Files 485 Including babel.js 486 Our First React Project 487 Using a Class Instead of a Function 488 Pure and Impure Code: A Golden Rule 489 Using Both a Class and a Function 490 Props and Components 490 The Differences Between Using a Class and a Function 492 Table of Contents | xv

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React State and Life Cycle 492 Events in React 495 Inline JSX Conditional Statements 497 Using Lists and Keys 498 Unique Keys 499 Handling Forms 501 Using Text Input 501 Using textarea 503 Using select 504 React Native 506 Questions 506 21. Introduction to Node.js. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Installing Node.js on Windows 510 Installing Node.js on macOS 516 Installing Node.js on Linux 519 Getting Started with Node.js 520 Building a Functioning Web Server 522 Working with Modules 525 Built-in Modules 526 Installing Modules with npm 526 Accessing MySQL 527 Further Information 529 Questions 530 22. Bringing It All Together. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Designing a Social Networking App 532 Online Repository 532 functions.php 532 header.php 535 setup.php 537 index.php 539 signup.php 540 Checking for Username Availability 541 Logging In 541 checkuser.php 543 login.php 544 profile.php 547 Adding the “About Me” Text 547 Adding a Profile Image 547 Processing the Image 548 xvi | Table of Contents

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Displaying the Current Profile 548 members.php 551 Viewing a User’s Profile 552 Adding and Dropping Friends 552 Listing All Members 552 friends.php 555 messages.php 558 logout.php 562 styles.css 562 javascript.js 566 Questions 566 A. Solutions to the Chapter Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Table of Contents | xvii

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