Software Engineering with UML (Bhuvan Unhelkar) (Z-Library)

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Software Engineering with UML

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Software Engineering with UML Bhuvan Unhelkar

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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-29743-2 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including pho- tocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

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Janalee and Allen Heinemann Who succinctly abstracts humanity in all its joys and grace: Worth Modeling!

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vii Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................................................xxi Preface ...................................................................................................................................xxiii Glossary of Acronyms ..........................................................................................................xxvii Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................xxix Author ....................................................................................................................................xxxi Unique Features ................................................................................................................... xxxv 1 Software Engineering Fundamentals with Object Orientation ...................................1 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................... 1 Introduction to Software Engineering ............................................................................... 1 Learning and Adopting Software Engineering ................................................................... 2 Importance of Modeling .................................................................................................... 4 Software Engineering Fundamentals ................................................................................. 5 Programs, Classes, Objects, and Data ........................................................................... 5 The Six Fundamentals (Cornerstone) of Software Engineering ...................................... 6 Classification (Grouping) ................................................................................................... 7 Abstraction (Representing) ................................................................................................ 7 Encapsulation (Modularizing) ........................................................................................... 9 Association (Relating) .......................................................................................................10 Inheritance (Generalizing) ................................................................................................10 Polymorphism (Executing) ...............................................................................................11 Software Engineering: A Historical Perspective ............................................................... 12 Evolution of Modeling ................................................................................................ 12 About the UML and Its Purpose ......................................................................................14 UML Usage .................................................................................................................15 Common Errors in Interpreting Software Engineering Fundamentals and How to Rectify Them ....................................................................................................................16 Discussion Questions ........................................................................................................17 Team Project Case Study ..................................................................................................17 Endnotes ...........................................................................................................................18 2 Review of 14 Unified Modeling Language Diagrams .................................................19 Learning Objectives ..........................................................................................................19 List and Nature of UML Diagrams ..................................................................................19 Nature and Basics of UML Diagrams ......................................................................... 22 Brief Review of UML Diagrams ...................................................................................... 22 Use Case Diagrams .......................................................................................................... 22

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viii ◾ Contents Activity Diagrams ............................................................................................................ 24 Class Diagrams .................................................................................................................25 Sequence Diagrams ...........................................................................................................25 Interaction Overview Diagrams ....................................................................................... 26 Communication Diagrams .......................................................................................... 27 Object Diagrams.............................................................................................................. 27 State Machine Diagram ................................................................................................... 28 Composite Structure Diagrams ........................................................................................ 30 Component Diagrams ..................................................................................................... 30 Deployment Diagrams ......................................................................................................31 Package Diagrams .............................................................................................................31 Timing Diagrams .............................................................................................................33 Profile Diagrams ...............................................................................................................33 Differences in List of UML Diagrams ............................................................................. 34 Common Errors in Understanding UML Diagrams and How to Rectify Them ...............35 Discussion Questions ....................................................................................................... 36 Team Project Case Study ................................................................................................. 36 Endnotes .......................................................................................................................... 37 3 Software Projects and Modeling Spaces: Package Diagrams .....................................39 Learning Objectives ......................................................................................................... 39 Understanding Different Types and Sizes of UML-Based Projects................................... 39 Project Types and UML .............................................................................................. 39 Project Sizes and UML .................................................................................................41 Organizing the Project ......................................................................................................41 Identifying Business Objectives ....................................................................................41 Dividing a Project into Smaller, Manageable Parts ...................................................... 42 Prioritization of Requirements..................................................................................... 42 The Three Modeling Spaces in Software Engineering ...................................................... 44 Modeling of the Problem Space ................................................................................... 44 Modeling of Solution Space ..........................................................................................45 Modeling of Architectural Space ..................................................................................45 Mapping UML to Modeling Spaces................................................................................. 46 Package Diagrams ............................................................................................................ 48 What Is a Package in UML? ........................................................................................ 48 Creating Package Diagrams ........................................................................................ 48 Namespaces ................................................................................................................. 50 Strengths of Package Diagrams ................................................................................... 50 Weaknesses of Package Diagrams ................................................................................ 50 Common Errors in Organizing Project Packages and How to Rectify Them ....................51 Discussion Questions ........................................................................................................52 Team Project Case Study ..................................................................................................52 Endnotes ...........................................................................................................................53 4 The Software Development Life Cycle and Agility .....................................................55 Learning Objectives ..........................................................................................................55 Process in Developing Software ........................................................................................55

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Contents ◾ ix UML and Process ........................................................................................................ 56 Process Elements .............................................................................................................. 56 Software Development Life Cycles ................................................................................... 58 Iterative, Incremental, and Parallel Process in Software Development ..............................59 Iterative ....................................................................................................................... 60 Incremental ................................................................................................................. 60 Parallel ........................................................................................................................ 60 Time and Effort Distribution in Iterations .................................................................. 60 Agile in Software Development ....................................................................................... 62 The Agile Manifesto .................................................................................................... 62 Scrum—An Agile Approach ....................................................................................... 63 Roles, Ceremonies, and Artifacts ..................................................................................... 63 Roles ........................................................................................................................... 64 Ceremonies ..................................................................................................................65 Artifacts .......................................................................................................................65 Charts ..........................................................................................................................67 Disciplined Agile Development ........................................................................................67 Composite Agile Method and Strategy ............................................................................ 68 Common Errors in SDLC and Agile Use and How to Rectify Them ............................... 69 Discussion Questions ....................................................................................................... 70 Team Project Case Study ................................................................................................. 71 Endnotes .......................................................................................................................... 71 5 Use Case Models-1: Actors and Use Cases ..................................................................73 Learning Objectives ......................................................................................................... 73 Use Case Modeling in the Problem Space ........................................................................ 73 Actors ...............................................................................................................................74 How to Find Actors? ....................................................................................................74 Actor Variations .......................................................................................................... 75 Primary versus Secondary Actors ............................................................................ 75 Direct versus Indirect Actors ...................................................................................76 Abstract versus Concrete Actors ...............................................................................76 Clarifying Actor-Class Confusion .................................................................................... 77 Actor Documentation ...................................................................................................... 78 Actor Documentation for “A10-Patient” ...................................................................... 79 Actor Documentation for “A60-Doctor” ..................................................................... 80 Use Cases ..........................................................................................................................81 What Is a Use Case? .....................................................................................................81 Use Case Variations ......................................................................................................81 Finding Use Cases ........................................................................................................81 Use Case Documentation ............................................................................................ 82 Use Case Documentation Template ............................................................................ 82 Example: Use Cases in the Hospital Management System ............................................... 84 Brief Use Case Documentation for HMS .................................................................... 84 Detailed Use Case Documentation for HMS .............................................................. 87 Use Case “RegistersPatient” ......................................................................................... 88 Use Case “MaintainsCalendar” ................................................................................... 89

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x ◾ Contents Use Case “BooksConsultation” ................................................................................... 90 Use Case “PaysBill” ......................................................................................................91 Strengths and Weaknesses of Use Cases and Actors ......................................................... 92 Strengths of Use Cases ................................................................................................ 92 Weaknesses of Use Cases ............................................................................................. 93 Relating Use Cases to Packages ........................................................................................ 93 Relating Use Cases to Functional Testing ........................................................................ 94 Common Errors in Modeling Actors and Use Cases and How to Rectify Them ............. 94 Discussion Questions ....................................................................................................... 95 Team Project Case Study ................................................................................................. 96 Endnotes .......................................................................................................................... 96 6 Use Case Models-2: Use Case Diagrams and Requirements Modeling ......................97 Learning Objectives ......................................................................................................... 97 Use Case Diagrams .......................................................................................................... 97 Notations of a Use Case Diagram ............................................................................... 98 Boundary .................................................................................................................... 98 Notes ........................................................................................................................... 98 Actor ........................................................................................................................... 98 Use Case...................................................................................................................... 99 Relationships ............................................................................................................... 99 Use Case Relationships .................................................................................................... 99 Include ........................................................................................................................ 99 Extends ..................................................................................................................... 100 Inherits (Generalize) .................................................................................................. 100 Naming a Use Case Diagram..........................................................................................101 Use Case Diagrams for Hospital Management System ...................................................101 “Patient Maintenance” Use Case Diagram .................................................................101 “Calendar Maintenance” Use Case Diagram ..............................................................102 “Consultation Details” Use Case Diagram .................................................................103 “Accounting” Use Case Diagram ...............................................................................103 Strengths and Weaknesses of Use Case Diagrams ...........................................................105 Strengths of Use Case Diagrams ................................................................................105 Weaknesses of Use Case Diagrams .............................................................................106 Common Errors in Use Case Diagrams and How to Rectify Them ................................106 Discussion Questions ......................................................................................................107 Team Project Case Study ................................................................................................108 Endnotes .........................................................................................................................108 7 Activity Diagrams, Interaction Overview Diagrams, and Business Process Models ..... 109 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................109 Introduction ...................................................................................................................109 Activity Diagrams ...........................................................................................................110 Notations of Activity Diagrams ..................................................................................110 Naming an Activity Diagram .....................................................................................111 Activity Diagrams for Hospital Management System .....................................................112 “RegistersPatient” Activity Diagram ...........................................................................112 “MaintainsCalendar” Activity Diagram .....................................................................113

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Contents ◾ xi “BooksConsultation” Activity Diagram .....................................................................113 “PaysBill” Activity Diagram ....................................................................................... 115 Strengths and Weaknesses of Activity Diagrams .............................................................116 Strengths of Activity Diagrams ..................................................................................116 Weaknesses of Activity Diagrams ...............................................................................117 Interaction Overview Diagram .......................................................................................118 Notations of an Interaction Overview Diagram .........................................................118 Naming an Interaction Overview Diagram ................................................................118 Interaction Overview for “Consultation Details” .......................................................119 Interaction Overview for “Accounting” ......................................................................119 Strengths and Weaknesses of Interaction Overview Diagrams ....................................... 120 Strengths of Interaction Overview Diagrams ............................................................ 120 Weaknesses of Interaction Overview Diagrams ......................................................... 120 Business Process Modeling ..............................................................................................121 Common Errors in Activity Diagrams, Interaction Overview Diagrams, and Business Process Models and How to Rectify Them .......................................................125 Discussion Questions ..................................................................................................... 126 Team Project Case Study ............................................................................................... 126 8 Class Models-1: Classes and Business Entities .........................................................127 Learning Objectives ....................................................................................................... 127 Understanding Business Entities, Classes, and Objects .................................................. 127 Classes and Business Entities ......................................................................................... 128 Identifying and Naming Classes .....................................................................................129 Class Identification by Use Case Analysis ...................................................................129 Class Identification by Sequence Diagrams ............................................................... 130 Naming a Class as a Business Entity ......................................................................... 130 Analyzing the “RegistersPatient” Use Case to Identify Classes/Business Entities ............131 Class Definitions ............................................................................................................ 134 Class Documentation Template ................................................................................ 134 Documenting the Patient Class ..................................................................................135 Class Notation in UML .............................................................................................135 Class Attributes ......................................................................................................... 136 Class Operations (Methods) .......................................................................................137 Naming Conventions for Attributes and Operations ..................................................137 Visibilities on a Class ......................................................................................................137 Designing a Class in the Solution Space .........................................................................138 Class Identification in Design (MOSS) ......................................................................140 Strengths and Weaknesses of Classes ..............................................................................141 Strengths of Classes ....................................................................................................141 Weaknesses of Classes ................................................................................................141 Common Errors in Classes and Business Entities and How to Rectify Them .................142 Discussion Questions ......................................................................................................143 Team Project Case Study ................................................................................................143 9 Class Model-2: Basic Class Diagram ........................................................................145 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................145 Class Diagrams ...............................................................................................................145

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xii ◾ Contents Notations of Class Diagrams ......................................................................................145 Inheritance Relationship in a Class Diagram ..................................................................146 Association Relationship in a Class Diagram ..................................................................147 Aggregation Relationship in a Class Diagram .................................................................148 Multiplicities in Class Diagrams ................................................................................149 Class Diagrams for Hospital Management System ..........................................................150 “Patient Details” Class Diagram.................................................................................150 “Staff Details” Class Diagram .................................................................................... 151 “Consultation Details” Class Diagram .......................................................................152 “Accounting” Class Diagram ......................................................................................153 Strengths of Class Diagrams ...........................................................................................154 Strengths and Advantages of Class Diagrams .............................................................154 Weaknesses of Class Diagrams ...................................................................................155 Common Errors in Basic Class Diagram and How to Rectify Them ..............................155 Discussion Questions ......................................................................................................156 Team Project Case Study ................................................................................................156 10 UML’s Extensibility Mechanisms: Notes, Stereotypes, Constraints, and Tags ........159 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................159 UML’s Extensibility Mechanisms....................................................................................159 Notes ..............................................................................................................................160 Stereotypes ......................................................................................................................160 Entity Class ................................................................................................................163 Boundary Class ..........................................................................................................163 Control Class .............................................................................................................163 Table Classes ..............................................................................................................163 Utility Classes ............................................................................................................164 User-Defined Classes ..................................................................................................164 Abstract Classes ..........................................................................................................164 Interfaces, Roles, and Types .......................................................................................164 Stereotypes for Attributes and Operations ......................................................................165 Attribute Stereotypes ..................................................................................................165 Operation Types .........................................................................................................165 Manager Operations ..................................................................................................165 Implementer Operations.............................................................................................165 Access Operations ......................................................................................................165 Helping Operations ....................................................................................................166 Profile Diagram ..............................................................................................................166 Constraints .....................................................................................................................166 Tagged Value ..................................................................................................................166 Common Errors in UML’s Extensibility Mechanisms and How to Rectify Them ...........167 Discussion Questions ......................................................................................................168 Team Project Case Study ................................................................................................169 Endnote ..........................................................................................................................169 11 Class Model-3: Advanced Class Designs ..................................................................171 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................171 Introduction ...................................................................................................................171

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Contents ◾ xiii Understanding Class Relationships .................................................................................172 Notations on an Advanced Class Diagram in the Solution Space ...............................172 Class-to-Class Relationships .......................................................................................172 Advanced Relationships in a Class Diagram in Design ...................................................173 Association Relationship in Design ............................................................................174 Dependency Relationship in Design ...............................................................................175 Interface and Realization Relationship in Design ...........................................................176 Aggregation Relationship in Design................................................................................177 Implementing the Relationships: By References and By Value ........................................178 Parameter Visibility ........................................................................................................179 Multiplicities and Object Diagrams ................................................................................180 Multiplicities in Design ..............................................................................................180 Object Diagrams Interpreting Multiplicities ..............................................................180 Collection Class and Multiplicities .............................................................................181 Inheritance and Polymorphism in Design .......................................................................182 Incorporating Polymorphism in Design .....................................................................182 Multiple Inheritance ...................................................................................................185 Incorporating Errors and Exceptions in Design ..............................................................186 Attribute Identification, Naming, and Definition ...........................................................187 Naming Attributes .....................................................................................................187 Discovering Attributes................................................................................................188 Attribute (Data) Types ...............................................................................................188 Attribute Values .........................................................................................................189 Common Errors in Designing Attributes ...................................................................189 Operation Identification, Naming, and Signature ...........................................................190 Understanding an Operation in a Class......................................................................190 Naming Operations ...................................................................................................191 Understanding Operation Signatures .........................................................................191 Common Errors in Modeling Advance Class Designs and How to Rectify Them ..........192 Discussion Questions ......................................................................................................192 Team Project Case Study ................................................................................................193 12 Interaction Modeling with Sequence Diagrams .......................................................195 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................195 Interaction Modeling ......................................................................................................195 About Sequence Diagrams .........................................................................................195 Sequence Diagrams in Detail ..........................................................................................196 Notations on a Sequence Diagram .............................................................................196 Creating a Basic Sequence Diagram ...........................................................................198 Relating Sequence Diagrams to Class Diagrams ........................................................198 Advancing Sequence Diagrams from Analysis to Design ............................................199 Understanding Focus of Control and Return Message .............................................. 200 Creating and Destroying an Object............................................................................201 Sequence Diagrams in Hospital Management System.....................................................201 Sequence Diagrams in the Problem Space ..................................................................201 Design-Level Sequence Diagrams in the Solution Space ................................................ 204 Registering a Patient Sequence Diagram in Design ................................................... 206

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xiv ◾ Contents Updating a Calendar Sequence Diagram in Design .................................................. 207 “Changing Booking Times” Sequence Diagram in Design ....................................... 207 “Paying a Bill” Sequence Diagram in Design ............................................................ 207 Strengths and Weaknesses of Sequence Diagrams.......................................................... 209 Common Errors in Interaction Modeling with Sequence Diagrams and How to Rectify Them ..................................................................................................................210 Discussion Questions ......................................................................................................211 Team Project Case Study ................................................................................................212 13 Database Modeling with Class and Sequence Diagrams ..........................................215 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................215 Introduction to Persistence .............................................................................................215 Persistence Mechanisms—Databases ..............................................................................216 Data Storage Mechanisms ..........................................................................................216 Object-Oriented Databases ........................................................................................216 NoSQL Database .......................................................................................................217 Relational Databases ..................................................................................................217 Using Relational Databases in Object-Oriented Designs ................................................218 Challenge of Storing Objects in Relational Tables ......................................................218 Mapping OO Classes to Relational Tables .................................................................219 Basic Persistence Functions (CRUD) ......................................................................... 220 Robustness in Persistence Design ....................................................................................221 Separating Persistence Operations from Business Logic .............................................221 Robustness in Design Keeping Relational Storage and Objects Separate ................... 222 Inheritance Relationship and Relational Tables ............................................................. 223 Mapping Associations in Relational Tables .................................................................... 224 Multiplicities, Association Class, and Link Table ...................................................... 225 Mapping Aggregation: Composition and Shared Aggregation ................................... 228 Shared Aggregation and Reference Table ................................................................... 228 Persistence in Practice for HMS ..................................................................................... 229 Persistence Design for Patient-Related Classes ........................................................... 229 Additional Example of Persistence Design in HMS................................................... 230 Incorporating Database Interface Pattern in HMS Persistence Design........................... 230 Common Errors in Interpreting Database Modeling and How to Rectify Them ........... 232 Discussion Questions ..................................................................................................... 232 Team Project Case Study ................................................................................................233 Endnote ..........................................................................................................................233 14 Dynamic Modeling with State Machine Diagrams ..................................................235 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................235 Introduction to Dynamic Modeling with State Machine Diagrams................................235 State Machine Diagrams for Dynamic Modeling .......................................................... 236 Notations of State Machine Diagrams....................................................................... 236 State Machine Diagrams for Patient Object in Problem Space ....................................... 237 “Patient” State Machine Diagram ............................................................................. 239 “Consultation” State Machine Diagram .................................................................... 239 “Bill Payment” State Machine Diagram .................................................................... 239

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Contents ◾ xv Advanced State Machine Diagram for Patient Object in HMS in Solution Space.......... 239 State Machine Diagram for “Patient” in HMS .......................................................... 240 State Machine Diagram for “Patient_Form,” Boundary Object in HMS .................. 242 State Machine Diagram for “ConsultationManager,” a Control Object in HMS ...... 243 Steps in Building a State Machine Diagram .............................................................. 244 Common Errors in Modeling State Machine Diagrams and How to Rectify Them .......245 Discussion Questions ..................................................................................................... 246 Team Project Case Study ............................................................................................... 246 Endnote ..........................................................................................................................247 15 Advanced Software Engineering Design Concepts: Reuse, Granularity, Patterns, and Robustness .........................................................................................249 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................249 Introduction ...................................................................................................................249 Reusability in Software Engineering ...............................................................................250 Levels of Reuse ...........................................................................................................250 Code-Level Reuse .......................................................................................................250 Design-Level Reuse ....................................................................................................251 Analysis-Level Reuse ..................................................................................................251 Reuse Strategies in Software Projects ..............................................................................251 Encapsulation Facilitates Reuse ..................................................................................252 Reuse as a Culture ......................................................................................................252 Generalization versus Specialization in Reuse ............................................................253 Granularity in Object-Oriented Design ..........................................................................253 Design Patterns in Software Design Engineering ........................................................... 254 What Are Patterns? ................................................................................................... 254 Origins of Patterns .....................................................................................................255 Structure of a Pattern .................................................................................................255 Using Patterns in the Solution and Architectural Modeling Spaces ............................255 Robustness in Design ......................................................................................................257 Dependencies of Classes .............................................................................................257 Identifying Lack of Robustness ..................................................................................257 Rules of Robustness....................................................................................................258 Incorporating Robustness in Design ..........................................................................258 System Architecture and Design Process ........................................................................ 260 Common Errors in Reuse, Granularity, Patterns, and Robustness and How to Rectify Them ................................................................................................................. 262 Discussion Questions ..................................................................................................... 263 Team Project Case Study ............................................................................................... 264 Endnotes ........................................................................................................................ 264 16 Interface Specifications: Prototyping .......................................................................265 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................265 Introduction to Interfaces ...............................................................................................265 Specifying Interface Requirements ............................................................................ 266 Interface Specifications for HMS ....................................................................................267 User Interface Specifications for HMS .......................................................................267

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xvi ◾ Contents Printer Interface Specifications for HMS ................................................................... 268 External System Interfaces for HMS ......................................................................... 269 Examples of User Interface Designs for HMS (Initial Iteration) .................................... 269 Specifying the Flow of User Interfaces (HMS Example) .................................................270 Mobile Applications Interfaces ....................................................................................... 273 Printer Interfaces ............................................................................................................ 273 User Interface Design Considerations .............................................................................276 Organizing Interface Classes ......................................................................................276 Usability in GUI Design ........................................................................................... 277 User Categories in GUI Design ................................................................................. 278 Prototyping .................................................................................................................... 279 Functional Prototype ................................................................................................ 279 Technical Prototype .................................................................................................. 280 Architectural Prototype ............................................................................................. 280 Prototyping and Quality ........................................................................................... 280 Common Errors in Interface Specifications and Prototyping and How to Rectify Them ............................................................................................................................281 Discussion Questions ......................................................................................................281 Team Project Case Study ............................................................................................... 282 Endnotes ........................................................................................................................ 282 17 Implementation Modeling with Component, Deployment, and Composite Structure Diagrams ..................................................................................................285 Learning Objectives ....................................................................................................... 285 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 285 Component Diagrams ................................................................................................... 286 Understanding a Component .................................................................................... 286 Relevance of Component-Based Software Development ........................................... 286 Types of Components ................................................................................................ 287 Representing Components with UML ...................................................................... 287 Component Characteristics and Types ...................................................................... 288 Component Diagrams for HMS .................................................................................... 289 Practical Component Diagram Showing Interdependencies and Packages for HMS ..... 289 Strengths and Weaknesses of Component Diagram ....................................................... 290 Composite Structure Diagram ........................................................................................291 Deployment Diagrams ................................................................................................... 292 UML Notations on a Deployment Diagram ............................................................. 292 Process Around Implementation Diagrams .................................................................... 295 Common Errors in Implementation Modeling with Component, Deployment, and Composite Structure Diagrams and How to Rectify Them ........................................... 296 Discussion Questions ..................................................................................................... 296 Team Project Case Study ............................................................................................... 297 Endnote ......................................................................................................................... 297 18 Quality of UML Models with Syntax, Semantic, and Aesthetic Checks ..................299 Learning Objectives ....................................................................................................... 299 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 299

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Contents ◾ xvii Quality Management, Assurance, and Control (Testing) .............................................. 300 Quality Assurance and Model Quality ...................................................................... 300 Verification and Validation .........................................................................................301 Syntax, Semantics, and Aesthetics Verify and Validate Artifacts, Diagrams, and Models ............................................................................................................................301 Application of Syntax, Semantics, and Aesthetics to UML Notations ....................... 302 Quality Models—Syntax .......................................................................................... 302 Quality Models—Semantics ..................................................................................... 303 Quality Models—Aesthetics ..................................................................................... 304 Quality Techniques and V&V Checks ........................................................................... 304 Levels of Syntax, Semantics, and Aesthetics as Applied to UML-Based Diagrams .... 305 Syntactic Checks and UML Elements (Focus on Correctness) .................................. 306 Semantic Checks and UML Diagrams (Focus on Completeness and Consistency) ... 306 Aesthetic Checks and UML Models (Focus on Symmetry and Consistency) ............ 307 Common Errors in Quality Assurance and Testing of UML Models and How to Rectify Them ................................................................................................................. 307 Discussion Questions ..................................................................................................... 308 Team Project Case Study ............................................................................................... 309 Endnotes ........................................................................................................................ 309 19 Software Testing: Plan, Design, and Execute ...........................................................311 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................311 Introduction ...................................................................................................................311 Testing Needs in a Project ..........................................................................................311 Various Types of Testing ............................................................................................312 Test Strategy Influencing Factors................................................................................313 Organizing the Testing of Software ................................................................................314 Test Planning .............................................................................................................314 Traceability Matrix.....................................................................................................315 Use-Case-Based versus Class-Based Test Design ........................................................316 Test Approaches ..............................................................................................................317 Visibility of Testing—Black Box versus White Box Testing .......................................317 Automation of Testing—Manual versus Automated ..................................................317 Slicing of Tests—Vertical (Functional) or Horizontal (Technical) ..............................318 Partitioning of Data—Equivalence Partition and Boundary Values ...........................318 Test Architecture ............................................................................................................318 Test Designs....................................................................................................................319 Test Designs in Solution Space ...................................................................................319 Test Design Format ....................................................................................................319 Test Designs for Components ................................................................................... 320 Reusability in Test Designs ....................................................................................... 320 Test Cases in Solution Space ...........................................................................................321 Test Case Format .......................................................................................................321 Test Data ................................................................................................................... 322 Masking and Blending of Test Data .......................................................................... 322 Acceptance Test Cases for Hospital Management System .............................................. 322 Test Case for “RegistersPatient” ................................................................................. 323

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xviii ◾ Contents Test Case for “MaintainsCalendar” ............................................................................324 Test Case for “BooksConsultation” ............................................................................324 Test Case for “PaysBill” ..............................................................................................325 Test Case for “PaysBillOnInternet” ........................................................................... 326 Test Case for “CashChequePayment” .........................................................................327 Class-Based Approach to Test Cases in the Solution Space .............................................327 Test Harnesses ............................................................................................................327 Verifying Test Cases .................................................................................................. 328 Operational (NFR) Testing ............................................................................................329 Some Operational Tests ..............................................................................................329 Common Errors in Testing in Solution Space and How to Rectify Them ...................... 330 Discussion Questions ......................................................................................................331 Team Project Case Study ................................................................................................331 Endnotes .........................................................................................................................332 20 Nonfunctional (Operational) Requirements Specification and Application ............333 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................333 Nonfunctional (Operational) Requirements ...................................................................333 NFRs and UML ........................................................................................................ 334 Source of NFRs ......................................................................................................... 334 Types of Nonfunctional Parameters ...........................................................................335 Composite Agile Method and Strategy and Prototyping for NFRs ...........................337 NFR Categories: Qualities and Constraints ....................................................................337 NFR Challenges .........................................................................................................338 Capturing NFRs in CAMS ........................................................................................339 NFR Levels .................................................................................................................... 340 Performance ................................................................................................................... 341 Response Times and Performance ............................................................................. 341 Outsourced Projects and Performance ....................................................................... 342 Bandwidth ................................................................................................................ 343 Scalability ...................................................................................................................... 343 Scalability and Hardware .......................................................................................... 344 HMS Example of Scalability Requirement ................................................................ 344 Volume .......................................................................................................................... 344 Operating System .......................................................................................................... 344 Mobile OS ..................................................................................................................345 Accessibility ....................................................................................................................345 Reliability and Maintenance .......................................................................................... 346 Environment .................................................................................................................. 346 Legal and Compliance ................................................................................................... 347 Security .......................................................................................................................... 347 Usability and User Experience ....................................................................................... 349 Applying Usability Requirements to Software Solutions ........................................... 349 Designing to Prevent Errors .......................................................................................350 Big Data (Velocity, Variety) ............................................................................................350 Cloud ..............................................................................................................................350 Common Errors in Handling NFRs and How to Rectify Them .....................................351

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Contents ◾ xix Discussion Questions ......................................................................................................352 Team Project Case Study ................................................................................................353 Endnotes .........................................................................................................................353 21 Emerging Information Technologies and Modeling ................................................355 Learning Objectives ........................................................................................................355 Emerging Information Technologies and Modeling ........................................................355 SMAC Significance ....................................................................................................356 Service Orientation (Analytics, Utilities) ........................................................................357 Internet of Things ...........................................................................................................357 Mobile and Social Media Applications ............................................................................358 Cloud Integration ...........................................................................................................358 Virtual and Augmented Reality ......................................................................................359 Robotics and Machine Learning .....................................................................................359 Modeling the Not Only SQL Databases .........................................................................359 Service Orientation Based on the Cloud ........................................................................ 360 Designing with Services ..................................................................................................361 Core Elements of Web Services ...................................................................................... 362 XML/SOAP................................................................................................................... 362 Web Services Description Language .............................................................................. 362 Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration ......................................................... 363 Web Services and Modeling ........................................................................................... 363 Modeling and Usage of Web Services ........................................................................ 363 Web Service Metamodels and Dynamics .................................................................. 364 Model-Driven Architecture and Web Services ............................................................365 Executable UML ........................................................................................................365 Discussion Questions ..................................................................................................... 366 Team Project Case Study ............................................................................................... 366 Endnotes ........................................................................................................................ 366 Appendix A: Case Study Problem Statements for Team Projects ......................................369 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................375 Index .................................................................................................................................379 Note: Appendix A, including additional case studies, Appendix B: Mid-Term, and Appendix C: Final Exam are available online at https://www.crcpress.com/9781138297432.