Design Thinking Theory and Practice (Eujin Pei, Kurt Becker, (eds.)) (z-library.sk, 1lib.sk, z-lib.sk)

Design Thinking This book aims to provide readers with an in-depth understanding of design thinking by documenting the personal insights of professionals and practitioners from a wide range of disciplines. Design Thinking: Theory and Practice refers to a series of cognitive, strategic, and practical steps used during the process of designing, and the context of how people reason when they engage with solving problems. The scope of this book focuses on topics such as problem-solving, systems thinking, innovation, and the role of design in product design and services. This book is unique as it brings together “stories” from both academics’ and practitioners’ perspectives, enabling readers to view design thinking from many different perspectives that can be ap- plied in every-day life situations or for organizations when developing plans and policies. This book would be essential reading for design engineers, industrial designers, and mechanical engineers who have interest in design thinking.

Design Thinking Theory and Practice Edited by Eujin Pei and Kurt Becker

Designed cover image: Adobe Stock © First edition published 202 by CRC Press 2385 NW Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton FL 33431 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 202 selection and editorial matter, Eujin Pei and Kurt Becker; individual chapters, the contributors Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and pub- lisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microflming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright. com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermis- sions@tandf.co.uk Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-1-032-76780-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-78363-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-48752-4 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003487524 Typeset in Times by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd. 6 6

Dedication To innovators and changemakers who dare to reimagine the world, and to design educators who inspire us to think differently. This book is dedicated to our wives, Ying and Mariam, whose dreams we share and whose unwavering support that has made this journey of writing possible.

vii Contents Foreword .............................................................................................................. ix Preface................................................................................................................xiii About the Editors ................................................................................................ xv List of Contributors...........................................................................................xvii Acknowledgments..............................................................................................xix Chapter 1 Introduction to Design Thinking..................................................... 1 Kurt Becker Chapter 2 Pursuing an Innovation ................................................................. 15 Sixto Cabrera Chapter 3 Designing Ideas: A Dual Perspective............................................ 27 Jana Huck and Alexandre Sukhov Chapter 4 Proposing a Design Thinking Framework to Develop Circular Products........................................................................... 41 J. A. Mesa and L. Ruiz-Pastor Chapter 5 The Startup Mindset: Innovation through Design Thinking ........ 62 Karim Morcos Chapter 6 Driving Change through Design Thinking: Shaping Innovation in GovTech .................................................................. 84 Marzia Mortati, Ilaria Mariani, and Francesca Rizzo Chapter 7 Design Thinking and Artifcial Intelligence: A Framework for Analysis ..................................................................................112 Nick Kelly and Kazjon Grace Chapter 8 High-Performance Flight Vehicle Design................................... 127 Glenn Gebert, Eric Stenftenagel, and Nick Blanton

viii Contents Chapter 9 Two Modes of Design Thinking Exhibited in Intuitive and Analytical Design Methods......................................................... 146 Udo Kannengiesser and John S Gero Chapter 10 Co-Design: Meanings and Applications in Design and Engineering ................................................................................. 155 Bahareh Shahri, Pierre Lubis, and Eujin Pei Chapter 11 Design, Thinking, and Metaphors: On the Cognitive Style of Engineering and Design Education............................................. 182 Karl Palmås Chapter 12 Does Design Thinking Work in the Long-term? A Case Study of Interdisciplinary Research on Aging............................ 189 P.J. White, Audrey Patocs, Marla Beauchamp, and Parminder Raina Index................................................................................................................. 213

ix Foreword John Gero University of North Carolina at Charlotte Designing is a foundational activity of humans. It is the way humans intention- ally change the world around them with the goal of making it better for their purposes. Until the 20th century, designing was restricted to large-scale products such as machines, ships, civil structures, and buildings. However, the develop- ment of consumer goods and then software applications has changed the land- scape of design and noticeably broadened the scope of design. Designing has moved beyond its historical roles to encompass the design of organizations, and social and governmental systems. The range of design has spawned the creative industries, a catch-all phrase that encompasses designing well beyond its tradi- tional areas. The creative industries contribute around $1 trillion a year to the global economy. Designing is one of the foundations of the creative industries. Designing has become a signifcant activity in both the national and global econ- omy. As a consequence, it plays an important role in economic and social wealth generation. What is surprising is that given the ubiquity of designs and its contin- uous history from the earliest days of civilization (the Epic of Gilgamesh, written around 4,000 years ago, mentions designing), how recently designing has become an area of research. Designing had been learned through the master-apprentice model for generations. Formal research into designing began in earnest only post World War II, in the 1950s, although there were earlier individual efforts. This research has as its goal to produce a body of knowledge that would lead to the understanding of designing as a set of activities that could be formalized, taught, and potentially improved. The teaching required that there be knowledge to teach. The knowledge of designing could be obtained through induction from obser- vations of designers in action. Or this knowledge could be generated through executing experiments that elucidated different aspects of designing. These two streams of knowledge generation intertwine with each feeding off the other. Experiments produced models of designing based on either behaviors of design- ers or concepts from cognitive science, i.e., how the mind behaves. Both of them have been labeled “design thinking” and this has caused confusion as to which is being referred to. So, design thinking can be what designers do or it can be what happens in the minds of designers, which results in what designers do. The reader of this volume will fnd examples of both streams. What both these streams agree upon is that designing is a set of processes, where the processes can be individually delineated. The confuence of these

x Foreword processes produces designing and it is this set of processes that distinguishes designing from other human activities. This current design thinking model of designing, derived from design prac- tice, distinguishes itself from earlier models through the inclusion of the user in the process under the label of “empathy”. This notion of empathy, imagining the world from multiple perspectives, was missing as a signifcant factor from earlier models of design thinking, such as Asimov’s 1962 model of engineering design (Asimov, 1962) and in Pahl and Beitz’s 1984 model of engineering design (Pahl & Beitz, 1984). The highly infuential book by Herb Simon, The Sciences of the Artifcial (Simon, 1969) also does not address this notion of empathy in its description of designing. It was an article in the Harvard Business Review by Tim Brown, CEO of IDEO (Brown, 2008), that initiated the widespread interest in design thinking. The article was expanded into a highly infuential book (Brown, 2009). Brown distilled what he had learned from his own design practice to pro- duce a near-prescriptive model of design thinking and framed it within a business perspective that elevated designing from an activity associated with producing products to one generating value for an organization. The other stream, exemplifed by Lawson (Lawson, 2005) and Cross (Cross 2023), focuses on the cognition of designing within a process model. The two streams complement each other. This volume brings together 12 contributions on design thinking that span both streams and contribute to the literature in unique ways. In the introductory chapter, Becker outlines the foundational activities that go to make up design thinking. In Chapter 2, Cabrera focuses on the way design thinking contributes to innovation within the social context. In Chapter 3, Huck and Sukhov dive more deeply into the role of ideas and their sharing in design development. In Chapter 4, Mesa and Ruiz-Paster, in contrast to Chapter 3, expand the scope of designing to cover the circular economy within a design thinking framework. In Chapter 5, Morcos brings the concept of the empathy aspect of design thinking to the start- up culture. In Chapter 6, Mortati, Mariani and Rizzo bring design thinking to bear when developing public services, exemplifed by projects in the European Union. In Chapter 7, Kelly and Grace pursue design thinking from a more cognitive aspect when considering a framework for the role of human design- ers in an AI-human hybrid intelligence. In Chapter 8, Genert, Stenftenagel and Blandon take a more traditional systems-subsystems view of design thinking as they develop a Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization model of their design- ing activity. This model generally excludes direct human aspects. In Chapter 9, Kannengiesser and Gero look at the empirical data that supports the human cog- nitive behavior of the dual process modes of thinking when designing. In Chapter 10, Hahri, Lubis and Pei look at Co-Design from a design thinking perspective. In Chapter 11, Palmås pursues an example of one of the processes that makes up design thinking, namely, the creation of ideas using metaphors and its place in design education. In Chapter 12, White, Patocs, Beauchamp and Raina, fttingly as the fnal chapter of this volume, present results from a large scale seven-year study of using design thinking.

xi Foreword This volume brings material not normally found together in a single place. It brings design thinking from a cognitive perspective along with design thinking from the empathy perspective. This shows both the breadth and depth of the two streams of design thinking and how they complement each other. Recent research on the brains of designers as they design has shown that both streams provide frameworks for what happens in the brain (Gero & Milovanovic, 2023). REFERENCES Asimov, M. (1962). Introduction to Design. Prentice-Hall. Brown, T. (2008). Design Thinking. Harvard Business Review. Brown, T. (2009). Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation. HarperBusiness. Cross, N. (2023). Design Thinking: Understanding How Designers Think and Work, 2nd Edn. Bloomsbury VA. Gero, J. S. & Milovanovic, J. (2023). Design thinking and design neurocognition, in K. Straker & C. Wrigley (eds), Research Handbook on Design Thinking. Edward Elgar, pp. 7–24. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802203134 Lawson, B. (2005). How Designers Think, 4th Edn. Routledge. Pahl, G. & Beitz, W. (1984). Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach. Springer. Simon, H. A. (1969). Sciences of the Artifcial. MIT Press.

xiii Preface Design Thinking: Theory and Practice is more than a guide. It is a call to action that invites designers, engineers, policy-makers, educators, and innovators to rethink their approaches and embrace a mindset that prioritizes adaptability, empathy, and collaboration. To be successful in today’s highly technological and globally competitive world, one requires the use of a different set of skills. This book seeks to empower readers to leverage design thinking not only as a tool for innovation but also as a means to create a better and more sustainable world. Through case studies, theoretical frameworks, and empirical research, it chal- lenges readers to consider whether and how design thinking can sustain long-term relevance in evolving contexts. As the chapters unfold, readers are invited to jour- ney through the diverse dimensions of design thinking. From understanding its foundational elements to witnessing its integration with modern disciplines such as using artifcial intelligence, product design, and circular economy principles, the narrative of this book highlights the versatility of this approach. The book offers insights into how design thinking can drive change across industries and domains. In essence, this book presents a comprehensive exploration of design thinking principles, methodologies, and applications, extending from the design of everyday products to strategies for addressing global challenges.

xv About the Editors Eujin Pei began his career as a product designer, with his work exhibited at the Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum in New York. He now works as a Full Professor and serves as Associate Dean for the College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences at Brunel University of London, UK. Since 2015, Eujin has been the Director of the BSc Product Design Engineering course, where he leads its development and ensures graduates are equipped with the skills to excel in a rapidly evolving industry. Before this, he served as Director for Postgraduate Research, where he played a key role in maintaining academic standards and promoting excellence among PhD students. Eujin is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering Designers (FIED), and his professional qualifcations include being a Chartered Engineer (CEng), Chartered Environmentalist (CEnv), and Chartered Technological Product Designer (CTPD). His work refects a strong commitment to innovation, sustainability, and the advancement of technology in design and engineering. Kurt Becker spent his career as an engineering and technology educator and has extensive international experience working on engineering education and technical training projects funded by the Asian Development Bank, World Bank, and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Countries where he has worked include Armenia, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, China, Egypt, Indonesia, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, and Thailand. Kurt is Professor Emeritus in the College of Engineering at Utah State University (USU) where he spent 30 years working in the discipline of Engineering Education. He was Department Head and Founder of the Department of Engineering Education at USU. His research in engineering education spans more than three decades, and his work preparing PhD students to be the next generation of leaders and researchers demonstrates his commitment to the discipline. While in the College of Engineering at USU he stated the National Academy of Engineering endorsed, “Grand Challenges Scholars Program”. This program provides undergraduate engineering students with curricular and co-curricular activities while being mentored by engineering faculty. Kurt’s work in engineering education and design thinking is a tribute to his dedication to the feld of engineering and technology.

xvii List of Contributors Marla Beauchamp McMaster University, Canada Kurt Becker Utah State University, USA Nick Blanton Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control, USA Sixto Cabrera Hardware Engineer, USA Jaime Albero Mesa Cogollo Universidad del Norte, Colombia Glenn Gebert Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control, USA John S. Gero University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States Kazjon Grace The University of Sydney, Australia Jana Huck Karlstad University, Sweden Udo Kannengiesser Johannes Kepler University, Austria Nick Kelly Queensland University of Technology, Australia Pierre Lubis University of Waikato, New Zealand Ilaria Mariani Politecnico di Milano, Italy Karim Morcos Imperial Studio, Egypt Marzia Mortati Politecnico di Milano, Italy Karl Palmås Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Laura Ruiz-Pastor Universitat Jaume I, Spain Audrey Patocs McMaster University, Canada Eujin Pei Brunel University of London, UK Parminder Raina McMaster University, Canada Francesca Rizzo Politecnico di Milano, Italy Eric Stenftenagel Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control, USA Alexandre Sukhov Karlstad University, Sweden Bahareh Shahri University of Canterbury, New Zealand P.J. White South East Technological University, Ireland

xix Acknowledgments This book is the brainchild of a chance meeting between two engineering educa- tors from different continents who care deeply about engineering and how design thinking is critical to the engineering discipline. This book would not have been possible without the invaluable contributions of authors and co-authors for sharing their knowledge so generously, and whose expertise and dedication have enriched its pages. A special thanks to Shatakshi Singh and Katya Seward from Taylor & Francis for their unwavering guidance and support in bringing this project to fruition. Thanks to our friends and family members also who have supported us along the way. This book is a testament to the collaborative spirit that underpins the very essence of design thinking.