Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate, 3rd Edition (Bill Mascull) (z-library.sk, 1lib.sk, z-lib.sk)

Self-study and classroom use Third Edition Bill Mascull BUSINESS VOCABULARY IN USE Intermediate • • • • • 9 7 8 -0 -5 2 1 -1 2 2 5 0 -4 C am b ri d g e B u si n es s E n g li sh D ic ti o n ar y C o v er C M Y K M A S C U L L 9 7 8 0 5 2 1 1 2 8 2 8 5 B U S IN E S S V O C A B U L A R Y I N U S E I N T E R M E D IA T E W it h o u t C D -R O M C M Y K with answers

Self-study and classroom use Third Edition Bill Mascull BUSINESS VOCABULARY IN USE Intermediate

University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi – 110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316629987 © Cambridge University Press 2017 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2002 Second Edition 2010 Third Edition 2017 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in Malaysia by Vivar Printing A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-316-62998-7 Book with Answers ISBN 978-1-316-62997-0 Book with Answers and Ebook Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

3Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Contents INTRODUCTION 8 JOBS, PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS 1 Work and jobs 10 A What do you do? B Word combinations with ‘work’ C Types of job and types of work 2 Ways of working 12 A Working hours B Nice work if you can get it C Nature of work 3 Recruitment and selection 14 A Recruitment B Applying for a job C Selection procedures 4 Skills and qualifications 16 A Education and training B Skilled and unskilled C The right person 5 Pay and benefits 18 A Wages, salary and benefits B Compensation 1 C Compensation 2 6 People and workplaces 20 A Employees and management B Management and administration C Labour D Personnel and HRM 7 Companies and careers 22 A Career paths B Company structure C In-house staff or freelancers? D Leaving a company 8 Problems at work 24 A Discrimination B Bullying and harassment C Health and safety 9 Managers, executives and directors 26 A Managers and executives: UK B Managers and executives: US 10 Businesspeople and business leaders 28 A Businesspeople and entrepreneurs B Leaders and leadership C Magnates, moguls and tycoons 11 Organizations 1 30 A Business and businesses B Commerce C Enterprise 12 Organizations 2 32 A Self-employed people and partnerships B Limited liability C Mutuals D Non-profit organizations PRODUCTION 13 Manufacturing and services 34 A Manufacturing and services B Countries and their industries 14 The development process 36 A Market research B Development and launch 15 Innovation and invention 38 A Innovation and invention B Research and technology C Patents and intellectual property 16 Products and services 40 A Products B Mass production C Capacity and output

4 Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 17 Materials and suppliers 42 A Inputs B Suppliers and outsourcing C Just-in-time 18 Business philosophies 44 A Mass customization B Wikinomics C The long tail D Benchmarking MARKETING 19 Buyers, sellers and the market 46 A Customers and clients B Buyers, sellers and vendors C The market 20 Markets and competitors 48 A Companies and markets B More word combinations with ‘market’ C Competitors and competition 21 Marketing and market orientation 50 A Marketing B The four Ps C The market orientation 22 Products and brands 52 A Word combinations with ‘product’ B Goods C Brands and branding 23 Price 54 A Pricing B Word combinations with ‘price’ C Upmarket and downmarket D Mass markets and niches 24 Place 56 A Distribution: wholesalers, retailers and customers B Shops C Direct marketing 25 Promotion 58 A Advertising B The sales force C Promotional activities 26 E-commerce 60 A B2C, B2B and B2G B Web 2.0 C E-commerce companies D Word combinations with ‘online’ MONEY 27 Sales and costs 62 A Sales B Costs C Margins and mark-ups 28 Profitability and unprofitability 64 A Profitable and unprofitable products B Budgets and expenditure C Economies of scale and the learning curve 29 Getting paid 66 A Shipping and billing B Trade credit C Accounts 30 Assets, liabilities and the balance sheet 68 A Assets B Depreciation C Liabilities D Balance sheet 31 The bottom line 70 A Accounts B Results C Financial reporting 32 Share capital and debt 72 A Capital B Share capital C Loan capital D Security E Leverage

5Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 33 Success and failure 74 A Cash mountains B Debt and debt problems C Turnarounds and bailouts D Bankruptcy 34 Mergers, takeovers and sell-offs 76 A Stakes and joint ventures B Mergers and takeovers C Conglomerates FINANCE AND THE ECONOMY 35 Personal finance 78 A Traditional banking B Internet banking C Personal investing 36 Financial centres 80 A Financial Centres B Stock markets C Other financial markets D Derivatives 37 Trading 82 A Market indexes B Market activity: good times … C … and bad 38 Indicators 1 84 A Finance and economics B Inflation and unemployment C Trade D Growth and GDP 39 Indicators 2 86 A Going up B Going down C Peaks and troughs D Boom and bust DOING THE RIGHT THING 40 Wrongdoing and corruption 88 A Wrongdoing B Bribery and corruption C Fraud and embezzlement 41 Business ethics 90 A Professional behaviour B Social issues C Environmental issues PERSONAL SKILLS 42 Time and time management 92 A Timeframes and schedules B Projects and project management C Time tips 43 Stress and stress management 94 A When work is stimulating B When stimulation turns to stress C Downshifting 44 Leadership and management styles 96 A Leadership B Modern management styles C Empowerment CULTURE 45 Business across cultures 1 98 A Cultures and culture B Power and distance 46 Business across cultures 2 100 A Individualism B Time C Cross-cultural communication

6 Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate TELEPHONING AND WRITING 47 Telephoning 1: phones and numbers 102 A Telephones and beyond B ‘Phone’, ‘call’ and ‘ring’ C Numbers D Doing things over the phone 48 Telephoning 2: trying to get through 104 A Asking to speak to someone B Voicemail 1 C Voicemail 2 49 Telephoning 3: getting through 106 A Getting through B Giving and taking messages C Spelling names D Taking messages: checking information 50 Telephoning 4: arrangements and ending calls 108 A Phoning again B Making arrangements C Closing the conversation D Changing arrangements 51 Business communication 1: staying in touch 110 A Business cards 1 B Business cards 2 C Staying in touch 52 Business communication 2: email 112 A Email B Email expressions C Beginnings and endings 53 CVs, cover letters and emails 114 A CV tips B Parts of a CV C Cover letters and emails 54 Interns, trainees and apprentices 116 A Interns B Experience or exploitation? C Trainees and apprentices BUSINESS SKILLS 55 Meetings 1: types of meeting 118 A Word combinations with ‘meeting’ B Types of meeting C How was the meeting? 56 Meetings 2: the chair 120 A The role of the chair: before the meeting B The role of the chair: running the meeting C Follow-up 57 Meetings 3: points of view 122 A Opening the meeting B Asking for and expressing opinions 58 Meetings 4: agreement and disagreement 124 A Agreeing B Disagreeing 59 Meetings 5: discussion techniques 126 A Interrupting, referring back, checking understanding, avoiding confrontation B Agreement, consensus or compromise? C Concluding 60 Presentations 1: key ideas 128 A Types of presentation B What makes a good presentation? C Presentation tools and visual aids 61 Presentations 2: key steps 130 A Key steps: introduction B Key steps: main part C Key steps: closing

7Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 62 Presentations 3: audience interaction 132 A Closing and dealing with questions B Intercultural aspects 63 Negotiations 1: situations and negotiators 134 A Types of negotiation B Word combinations with ‘negotiations’ C Bargaining 64 Negotiations 2: preparing 136 A Preparing to negotiate B Opening the negotiation C Negotiating styles 65 Negotiations 3: win-win 138 A Probing B Positive positions C Negative positions D Concessions and trade-offs 66 Negotiations 4: reaching agreement 140 A Deadlock and mediators B Agreements and contracts C Checking the deal Answer key 142 Index 161 Also available 176

8 Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Introduction Who is this book for? Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate is designed to help intermediate and upper-intermediate learners of business English to improve their business vocabulary. It is for people studying English before they start work and for those already working who need English in their job. In addition to improving your business vocabulary, the book helps you to develop the language needed for important business communication skills. You can use the book on your own for self-study, with a teacher in the classroom, one-to-one or in groups. How is the book organized? The book has 66 two-page units. The first 46 of these are thematic and look at the vocabulary of business areas such as people, organizations, production, marketing and finance. The other 20 units focus on the language of skills you need in business, such as those for presentations, meetings, telephoning and negotiations. The left-hand page of each unit explains new words and expressions, and the right-hand page allows you to check and develop your understanding of the words and expressions, and how they are used through a series of exercises. There is cross-referencing between units to show connections between the same word or similar words used in different contexts. There is an Answer key at the back of the book. Most of the exercises have questions with only one correct answer. But some of the exercises, including the Over to you activities at the end of each unit (see below), are designed for writing and/or discussion about yourself and your own organization or one that you know. There is also an Index. This lists all the new words and phrases which are introduced in the book and gives the unit numbers where the words and phrases appear. The Index also tells you how the words and expressions are pronounced. The left-hand page This page introduces new vocabulary and expressions for each thematic or skills area. The presentation is divided into a number of sections indicated by letters: A, B, C, etc., with simple, clear titles. In Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate, explicit reference is made to the business material in the Cambridge International Corpus (CIC) – business pages of newspapers, business textbooks, and business meetings and discussions. The texts are stored in a database, which is searchable in various ways to reveal the patterns of business usage. The database has been exploited to identify typical word combinations found in the data, and there are notes about their relative frequency. As well as explanations of vocabulary, there is information about typical word combinations and grammar associated with particular vocabulary, for example operative verbs – the verbs that are typically used with particular nouns. Again, the CIC has been a prime source of information about these.

9Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate There are notes about differences between British and American English. BrE: CV; AmE: résumé or resume The right-hand page The exercises on the right-hand page give practice in using the new vocabulary and expressions presented on the left-hand page. Some units contain diagrams to complete, or crosswords. ‘Over to you’ sections An important feature of Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate is the Over to you section at the end of each unit. There are sometimes alternative Over to you sections for learners who are in work and for those who are studying pre-work. The Over to you sections give you the chance to put into practice the words and expressions in the unit in relation to your own professional situation, studies or opinions. Self-study learners can do the section as a written activity. In many Over to you sections, learners can use the internet to find more information. In the classroom, the Over to you sections can be used as the basis for discussion with the whole class, or in small groups with a spokesperson for each summarizing the discussion and its outcome for the class. The teacher can then get students to look again at exercises relating to points that have caused difficulty. Students can follow up by using the Over to you section as a written activity, for example as homework. The Answer key contains sample answers for the Over to you questions. How to use the book for self-study Find the topic you are looking for by using the Contents page or the Index. Read through the explanations on the left-hand page of the unit. Do the exercises on the right-hand page. Check your answers in the Answer key. If you have made some mistakes, go back and look at the explanations and the exercise again. Note down important words and expressions in your notebook. How to use the book in the classroom Teachers can choose units that relate to their students’ particular needs and interests, for example areas they have covered in coursebooks, or that have come up in other activities. Alternatively, lessons can contain a regular vocabulary slot, where students look systematically at the vocabulary of particular thematic or skills areas. Students can work on the units in pairs, with the teacher going round the class assisting and advising. Teachers should get students to think about the logical process of the exercises, pointing out why one answer is possible and the others are not (where this is the case). We hope you enjoy using Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate.

10 What do you do? To find out what someone’s job is, you ask ‘What do you do?’ Kerstin talks about her job: ‘I work for a large European car maker. I work on car design. In fact, I run the design department and I manage a team of designers: 20 people work under me. It’s very interesting. One of my main responsibilities is to make sure that new model designs are finished on time. I’m also in charge of design budgets. ‘I deal with a lot of different people in the company. I’m responsible for coordination between design and production: I work with managers at our manufacturing plants.’ A 1 Word combinations with ‘work’ If you work or have work, you have a job. But you don’t say that someone has ‘a work’. Work is also the place where you do your job. You don’t say for example, ‘at the work’ or ‘to the work’. Here are some phrases with ‘work’. The economy is growing fast and more people are in work – have a job – than ever before. The percentage of people out of work – without a job – has fallen to its lowest level for 30 years. Frank talks about his job: ‘I work in a bank in New York City. I leave for work at 7.30 every morning. I go to work by train and subway. I get to / arrive at work at about 9. I’m usually at work till 6. Luckily, I don’t get ill very much so I don’t often take time off work – away from work due to illness.’ B C Note in charge of + noun responsible for + verb + -ing responsibility + infinitive / -ing One of my responsibilities is to make sure that … One of my responsibilities is making sure that … You don’t say: ‘I’m a responsible.’ Work and jobs Types of job and types of work A full-time job is one for the whole of the normal working week; a part-time job is for less time than that. You say that someone works full-time or part-time. A permanent job does not finish after a fixed period; a temporary job finishes after a fixed period. You talk about temporary work and permanent work. Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate

11 Exercises Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Look at A opposite. Margaux is talking about her work. Correct the expressions in italics. ‘I work for a large French supermarket company. It is an international company and (1) I work about the development of new supermarkets abroad. (2) In fact, I running the development department and (3) I am manage for a team looking at the possibilities in different countries. It’s very interesting. (4) One of my main is to make sure that new supermarkets open on time. (5) I’m also charged with financial reporting. (6) I deal at a lot of different organizations in my work. (7) I’m responsible of planning projects from start to finish. (8) I work closely near our foreign partners, and so I travel a lot.’ Complete each gap in the text with one of the prepositions from B opposite. Rebecca lives in London and works in public relations. She leaves home for work at 7.30 am. She drives (1) work. The traffic is often bad and she worries about getting (2) work late, but she usually arrives (3) work at around 9. She finishes work quite late, at about 8. ‘Luckily, I’m never ill,’ she says. ‘I could never take time (4) work.’ She loves what she does and is glad to be (5) work. Some of her friends are not so lucky: they are (6) of work. What is being advertised in each of these job advertisements (1–6)? Use an expression from C opposite, including the words in brackets. The first one has been done for you. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1 Librarian required for public library, afternoons 2 till 6. (job) 2 Personal assistant needed for busy office, 9 am to 5.30 pm. (work) 5 Salesman required for showroom – good prospects for right person. (work) 3 Experienced barman wanted, 8 pm until midnight. (work) 4 Teacher needed for summer course, 1 to 31 August. (job) 6 Lawyer wanted for law firm – long hours, 4 weeks holiday per year. (job) a part-time job Apply now Apply now Apply now Apply now Apply now Apply now Over to you If you work, answer these questions. • What do you do? What are you in charge of? What are your responsibilities? • What time do you leave for work? How long does it take you to get to work? What time do you arrive at work? Do you take a lot of time off work? If you don’t work, answer these questions. • What sort of job would you like to do? • What sort of routine would you like to have? • Why do some people prefer to work part-time or to have temporary jobs?

12 Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Working hours ‘I’m an office worker in an insurance company. It’s a nine-to-five job with regular working hours. I need my swipe card to get into the office. The work isn’t very interesting, but I like to be able to go home at a reasonable time.’ A 2 Swiping a card ‘I’m in computer programming. There’s a system of flexitime in my company, which means we can work when we want, within certain limits. We can start at any time till 11, and finish as early as 3 – as long as we do enough hours each month. It’s ideal for me as I have two young children.’ ‘I work in a car plant. I work in shifts and I have to clock on and clock off at the beginning and end of every shift. I may be on the day shift one week and the night shift the next week. It’s difficult changing from one shift to another. When I change shifts, I have problems changing to a new routine for sleeping and eating. When the company is selling lots of cars, they ask us to work overtime – more hours than usual for more money.’ ‘I’m a commercial artist in an advertising agency. Unlike most other people in my department who commute to work every day, I work from home and avoid the long journeys that some commuters experience every day. That’s the benefit of teleworking or telecommuting – working from home and using the computer and phone to communicate with other people.’ Nice work if you can get it All these words are used in front of job and work. satisfying, stimulating, fascinating, exciting – the work is interesting and gives you positive feelings dull, boring, uninteresting, unstimulating – the work is not interesting repetitive, routine – the work involves doing the same things again and again tiring, tough, hard, demanding – the work is difficult and makes you tired Nature of work My work involves I like / dislike / prefer / enjoy + noun human contact long hours teamwork + -ing working with figures dealing with customers solving problems B C N o t e BrE: flexitime AmE: flextimeN o t e You can also say clock in and clock out. Ways of working

13 Exercises Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Look at the six expressions (a–f) from A opposite. Which person (1–6) is most likely to do each of the things described? a work in shifts b work under a flexitime system c telecommute d commute to work e clock in and out at the same time every day f work overtime 2.1 1 A designer in a website design company. Has to be in the office, but can decide when she wants to start and finish work each day. 2 A manager in a department store in a large city. Lives in the country. 3 A construction worker on a building site where work goes on 24 hours a day. 4 A worker in a chocolate factory in the three months before Christmas. 5 A technical writer for a computer company. Lives in the country and visits the company offices once a month. 6 An office worker in a large, traditional manufacturing company. Look at the words and expressions in B and C opposite. Five people describe their jobs. Match the jobs (1–5) with the descriptions (a–e) and put the words in brackets into the correct grammatical forms. 1 accountant 2 postwoman 3 flight attendant 4 software developer 5 teacher a ‘Obviously, my work involves (travel) a lot. It can be quite physically (demand), but I enjoy (deal) with customers, except when they become tired and anxious about arriving. This doesn’t happen often, but it can be very frustrating for us and the other passengers.’ b ‘I love my job. It’s very (stimulate) and not at all (repeat): no two days are the same. The children are fine: you see them learn and develop. The parents can be more of a problem.’ c ‘I was good at maths at school and I like (work) with figures. But my job is much less (bore) and routine than people think. The work (involve) a lot of human contact and teamwork, working with other managers.’ d ‘You’ve got to think in a very logical way. There’s a lot of teamwork between the developers. The work can be mentally (tire), but it’s very satisfying to write a program that works.’ e ‘Of course, it involves getting up quite early in the morning. But I like (be) out in the open air. And you get a lot of exercise. I walk two or three miles every day.’ 2.2 Over to you If you work, answer these questions. • Do you have a nine-to-five job? Do you have to clock on and off? Is there a flexitime system in your organization? Are there people who do shiftwork in your company? • Could you do your job working from home? If so, would you like to? • What do you like most about your job? What do you like least? If you don’t work, answer these questions. • What sort of working hours would you like to have when you start working? • Would you like to work from home? • What kind of job would you like? Complete this sentence in five ways to talk about yourself. I’d like a job that involves …

14 Recruitment The process of finding people for particular jobs is recruitment or, especially in American English, hiring. Someone who has been recruited is a recruit, or in AmE, a hire. The company employs or hires them and they join the company. A company may recruit employees directly or use outside recruiters, recruitment agencies or employment agencies. Outside specialists called headhunters may be used to find people for very important jobs and to persuade them to leave the organizations they already work for. Key people recruited like this are headhunted in a process of headhunting. Applying for a job Fred is an accountant, but he was fed up with his old job. He looked in the situations vacant pages of his local newspaper, where a local supermarket was advertising for a new accountant’s position. He applied for the job by completing an application form and sending it in. Harry is a building engineer. He’d been working for the same company for ten years, but he wanted a change. He looked at jobs with different engineering companies on a jobs website. He made an application, sending in his CV (curriculum vitae – a document describing your education, qualifications and previous jobs, that you send to a prospective employer) and a covering letter explaining why he wanted the job and why he was the right person for it. A B 3 An application form Selection procedures Dagmar Schmidt is the head of recruitment at a German telecommunications company. She talks about the selection process, the methods that the company uses to recruit people. ‘We advertise in national newspapers and on the internet. We look at the backgrounds of applicants – their experience of different jobs and their educational qualifications. Note Internet is sometimes written with a capital letter when it is a noun. internet (noun): mostly BrE Internet (noun): mostly AmE C A job interview Note Situation, post and position are formal words often used in job advertisements and applications. BrE: CV; AmE: résumé or resume BrE: covering letter; AmE: cover letter Recruitment and selection ‘We invite the most interesting candidates to a group discussion. Then we have individual interviews with each candidate. The head of the department is also present. We also give the candidates written psychometric tests to assess their intelligence and personality. ‘After this, we shortlist three or four candidates. We check their references by writing to their referees – previous employers, teachers, and so on that candidates have named in their applications. If the references are OK, we ask the candidates to come back for more interviews. Finally we offer the job to someone, and if they turn it down we have to think again. (Some applicants may get other job offers at the same time as ours.) If they accept it, we hire them. We appoint someone only if we find the right person.’ Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate

15 Exercises Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Complete the crossword with the correct form of words from A, B and C opposite. 3.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Across 5 I phoned to check on my application, but they said they’d already someone. (9) 6 This job is so important; I think we need to someone. (8) 8 The selection procedure has lasted three months, but we’re going to someone next week. (7) Down 1 and 2 I hope she the job, because if she it , we’ll have to start looking again. (7, 5, 4) 3 The last applicant was very strong, but I understand he’d had two other job already. (6) 4 They’ve finally a new receptionist. She starts work next week. (5) 7 Computer programmers wanted. Only those with UNIX experience should . (5) Now divide the words in 3.1 into two groups. 1 what a company personnel department does 2 what a person looking for work does Replace the underlined phrases with correct forms of words and expressions from A, B and C opposite. Fred had already (1) refused two job off ers when he went for (2) a discussion to see if he was suitable for the job. They looked at his accountancy degree and contacted (3) previous employers Fred had mentioned in his application. A few days later, the supermarket (4) asked him if he would like the job and Fred (5) said yes. Harry didn’t hear anything for six weeks, so he phoned the company. They told him that they had received a lot of (6) requests for the job. Aft er looking at the (7) document describing his education, qualifications and previous jobs of the (8) people asking for the job and looking at (9) what exams they had passed during their education, the company had (10) chosen six people to interview and then given them (11) tests on their personality and intelligence. They had then given someone the job. 3.2 3.3 Over to you If you work, answer these questions. • Where did you see the jobs advertised? • What did you send to apply for the job? • What was the selection procedure? If you’re a student, answer these questions. • When you applied for your course did you use an online application form or send an application in? • Did you need to provide referees? • Did you have an interview?

16 Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Education and training Two company managers, Kasia Gutowska and Nils Olsen, are talking. KG: The trouble with graduates – people who’ve just left university – is that their paper qualifications are good. They might have qualifications in interesting subjects, but they have no work experience. They just don’t know how business works. NO: I disagree. Education should teach people how to think, not train them for a particular job. One of last year’s recruits graduated from Oxford University with a degree in philosophy and she’s doing very well! KG: Philosophy’s an interesting subject, but for our company, it’s more useful to do training in a practical subject: it’s better for us if you train as a scientist, and qualify as a biologist or a doctor, for example. NO: Yes, but we don’t just need scientists. We also need good managers, which we can achieve through in-house training – courses within the company. You know we put a lot of money into management development, where managers regularly go on specialized courses in leadership (see Unit 10), finance (see Unit 38), etc. You need to acquire experience – get knowledge through doing things – for that. It’s not the sort of thing you can learn when you’re 20! Note In AmE, you can also say that someone graduates from high school – the school that people usually leave when they are 18. Note A master’s degree is a qualification you can get after one or two years of graduate study. A Master’s of Business Administration (MBA) is a master’s degree in advanced business studies. Skilled and unskilled A skill is a particular ability to do something well, especially because you have learned and practised it. Jobs, and the people who do them, can be described as: highly skilled, e.g. car designer semi-skilled, e.g. taxi driver skilled, e.g. car production manager unskilled, e.g. car cleaner You can say that someone is: You can also say that someone is: skilled at or skilled in + noun customer care electronics + -ing communicating using Excel good with computers figures people The right person These words are often used in job advertisements. Companies look for people who are: a methodical, systematic and organized – working in a planned, orderly way b computer-literate – good with computers c numerate – good with numbers d motivated – very keen to do well in their job because they find it interesting e talented – very good at what they do f self-starters; they must be proactive, self-motivated, or self-driven – good at working on their own g team players – people who work well with other people A B C 4 N o t e Self-starter and team player are nouns. The other words in bold are adjectives. Skills and qualifications

17 Exercises Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Look at A opposite. Complete each sentence with the correct word. 1 Ravi graduated Mumbai University a degree philosophy and politics. 2 He taught for a while, but didn’t like it. He wanted to get a qualification accountancy and decided to train an accountant at evening classes. 3 He qualified an accountant and joined a big accountancy firm in its Mumbai office. 4 After he had acquired some experience, he went a number of management courses to get training team-building and other skills. Look at B opposite. Are these jobs generally considered to be highly skilled, skilled, semi-skilled or unskilled? Use each expression twice. 1 teacher 2 software engineer 3 car worker on a production line 4 cleaner 5 office cleaner 6 airline pilot 7 bus driver 8 office manager Complete these extracts from job advertisements using words from C opposite. 4.1 4.2 4.3 You’ll be researching developments on the internet, so you have to be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . You must be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , able to work on your own initiative, and a _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . But as part of a team of researchers, you’ll need to be a good _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ too. 1 We need _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ journalists who are very good at their job and extremely _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ – very keen to find out as much as they can about news stories. 5 2 You’ll need to be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , as you’ll be working on financial budgets. 3 As part of our sales team, you’ll be working independently, so you have to be self-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and self-_ _ _ _ _ _ . 4 We’re looking for someone who can work on ten projects at once, without being told what to do. You must be a _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ – _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Over to you Write an extract from a job advertisement for your job or one you would like to have, using words from C opposite.

18 Wages, salary and benefits ‘My name’s Luigi and I’m a hotel manager in Venice. I get paid a salary every month. In summer, we’re very busy, so we do overtime – work a lot of extra hours. The pay for this is quite good. Working in a hotel, we also get some nice perks – for example, free meals!’ A B C 5 Pay and benefits ‘I’m Ivan and I work as a waiter in Prague. I like my job even if I don’t earn very much: I get paid wages every week by the restaurant. We get the minimum wage – the lowest amount allowed by law. But we also get tips – money that customers leave in addition to the bill. Some tourists are very generous!’ ‘Hi, I’m Catherine, and I’m a saleswoman in luxury goods, based in Paris. I get a basic salary, plus commission – a percentage on everything I sell. If I sell more than a particular amount in a year, I also get a bonus, which is nice. There are some good fringe benefits with this job: I get a company car, a BMW; there’s a health plan to pay the costs of medical treatment if I get ill; and the company makes payments for my pension – money that I’ll get regularly after I stop working. So, with the bonuses, the car, the health plan and the pension, I’ve got a very nice benefits package. And the working conditions are good too: I have a nice office and I don’t have to travel too much.’ Compensation 1 Catherine mentioned her pay and conditions. Remuneration and compensation are formal words used to talk about pay and conditions, especially those of senior managers. Remuneration package and compensation package are used especially in the US to talk about all the pay and benefits that employees receive. For a senior executive, this may include share options (BrE) or stock options (AmE), the right to buy the company’s shares (see Unit 36) at low prices. There may be performance (-related) bonuses if the manager reaches particular objectives for the company. Compensation 2 Compensation is also used to talk about money and other benefits that someone receives if they are forced to leave the organization, perhaps after a disagreement with other managers in what newspapers call a boardroom row. This money is in the form of a compensation payment or severance payment. If someone also receives benefits with this, the payment and the benefits form a compensation package or severance package. In Britain, executives with very high pay and benefits may be referred to as fat cats, implying that they do not deserve this level of remuneration. Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate