Fundamentals of Software Engineering Comprehensive insights into SDLC design quality and AIML in software (Mohapatra, HiteshKumar etc.) (z-library.sk, 1lib.sk, z-lib.sk)

Fundamentals of Software Engineering Comprehensive insights into SDLC design quality and AI/ML in software 2nd Edition Dr. Hitesh Mohapatra Dr. Amiya Kumar Rath www.bpbonline.com

Second Revised and Updated Edition 2025 First Edition 2020 Copyright © BPB Publications, India ISBN: 978-93-65893-380 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher with the exception to the program listings which may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they can not be reproduced by the means of publication, photocopy, recording, or by any electronic and mechanical means. LIMITS OF LIABILITY AND DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY The information contained in this book is true and correct to the best of author’s and publisher’s knowledge. The author has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of these publications, but the publisher cannot be held responsible for any loss or damage arising from any information in this book. All trademarks referred to in the book are acknowledged as properties of their respective owners but BPB Publications cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. www.bpbonline.com

Dedicated to Beloved parents and Dear students

About the Authors Dr. Hitesh Mohapatra received his B.E. degree in Information Technology from Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT), Odisha, in 2006, and the MTech. degree in CSE from Odisha University of Technology and Research (OUTR) University, Odisha in 2009. He received his Ph.D. in Computer Science & Engineering in 2021 from Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT), Burla, India. He has contributed 50+ SCI and Scopus- indexed research articles, and has authored two books on software engineering and C programming, respectively. He has 15 years of teaching experience both in industry and academia. He has served the research community in various capacities like session chair, technical chair, keynote speaker, etc. His research interests include wireless sensor networks, smart cities, smart grids, and smart water. Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor at the School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, and Odisha. Dr. Amiya Kumar Rath received his B.E. degree in computer from Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, in 1990, his M.B.A. degree in systems management from Shivaji University in 1993, the MTech. degree in computer science from Utkal University in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in computer science from Utkal University in 2005, with a focus on embedded systems. He is currently a Professor at the

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, India. He has contributed over 100 research-level papers to many national and international journals and conferences. He has published seven books by reputed publishers. His research interests include embedded systems, ad hoc networks, sensor networks, power minimization, evolutionary computation, and data mining. He was deputed as an adviser to the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangalore, India, from 2019 to 2023. Currently, he is working as Vice Chancellor for Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, Odisha, from 2023 up to 2028.

Acknowledgements With the release of this second edition of Fundamentals of Software Engineering, we take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to everyone who has supported and inspired us throughout this journey. First and foremost, we would like to thank our parents and families for their continued encouragement and unwavering belief in us. Their support has been the foundation of our work, both during the first edition and now as we present this updated volume. We are deeply grateful to the readers, students, and educators who engaged with the first edition. Your feedback, suggestions, and thoughtful critiques have been instrumental in helping us refine and improve the content. Many of the enhancements in this edition are a direct result of your insights and experiences. We also extend our sincere thanks to the academic community and our peers, whose discussions and collaboration have enriched our understanding of software engineering. The evolving nature of this field demands continuous learning, and we are fortunate to be part of a network that fosters that growth. Our appreciation goes once again to the team at BPB Publications for their ongoing support, flexibility, and commitment to quality. Their cooperation allowed us the necessary time and space to revise and expand the material for this edition carefully. Given the dynamic scope of

software engineering, this continued partnership has been key to maintaining the clarity and relevance of the book. Finally, we are grateful to everyone who has been part of this journey - seen and unseen. Your encouragement and contributions, no matter how big or small, have helped bring this second edition to life.

Preface In today’s rapidly evolving digital landscape, the demands on software professionals are higher than ever. Software engineering has grown beyond traditional methodologies, integrating advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data-driven development. As professionals, it is crucial to stay ahead of these changes and continuously adapt to new practices, tools, and techniques. This book is a comprehensive resource designed to bridge the gap between conventional software engineering and cutting-edge advancements. Whether you are a beginner taking your first steps into the world of software development or a seasoned professional looking to update your skills, this book offers something for everyone. By blending foundational knowledge with modern innovations, the goal is to provide a clear, structured pathway for learning and applying key software engineering concepts. Through this journey, readers will explore everything from core principles such as the software development life cycle (SDLC) and agile methodologies to more advanced topics like machine learning, AI-driven development, and large language models (LLM) architecture. This book has been crafted to not only equip readers with the theoretical knowledge needed to understand software engineering but also with the practical insights required to excel in real-world applications. We hope it serves as a valuable companion for software engineers, project

managers, and IT professionals alike, empowering them to develop efficient, scalable, and future-proof software solutions in an ever-evolving field. Thank you for embarking on this journey, we wish you great success in your software engineering endeavors. Chapter 1: Concepts of Software Engineering – The objective of software engineering is to understand the user conceptual model and develop a better specification, to improve design languages and reusable code, to use participatory design and interactive debugging, and to provide a specification of interface and mock-up to confirm the specifications. This chapter discusses the concepts of software engineering, demonstrating the software development process during system development. Chapter 2: Modeling Software Development Life Cycle – Application software, when it becomes large and complex, requires looking into different aspects like readability, reliability, security, reparability or maintainability, and usability. For analysts, designers, and developers involved in the process of software development, it becomes important to break down the tasks into clear-cut phases of development and assign them to various development groups. On completion of certain tasks, the next task can only be taken. Therefore, a structured development process needs to be adopted. In this chapter, a number of software development models are discussed, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each. A software developer will be introduced to the concept of reliability, performance, safety, and security being used in a life cycle model and understand the activities that are involved in a software development process. The developer will have a clear idea of which model is most suitable to meet his requirements.

Chapter 3: Software Requirement Analysis and Specification – This chapter covers the goals and objectives of the system, emphasizing the need for high- quality requirement specifications. It details system interfaces, information flow, structure definitions, diagrams, and major functions. Design constraints, technological risks, and alternative requirements are evaluated. Inconsistencies and module redundancy are examined, and system validation is performed. Tools and techniques for requirement determination are explored, including computing support, joint application design, prototyping, and appropriate elicitation methods. Chapter 4: Software Project Management Framework – Project management involves planning, organizing, and managing resources to achieve specific goals. It is related to program management but differs in scope. A project is a temporary endeavor with a defined beginning and end, constrained by time, funding, or deliverables, aimed at achieving beneficial change or added value. Unlike ongoing business operations, projects require distinct technical skills and separate management approaches. Chapter 5: Project Scheduling Through PERT or CPM – The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive understanding of project management techniques used to plan, schedule, and control complex projects. By exploring Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) and critical path method (CPM), this chapter aims to equip readers with the knowledge to effectively allocate resources, estimate project timelines, and manage uncertainties. Through detailed explanations and examples, the chapter guides professionals in identifying critical tasks, optimizing project duration, and ensuring timely project completion while minimizing costs and risks.

Chapter 6: Software Project Analysis and Design – During the analysis and design of a project, the designer must know what the software product will do and how the software accomplishes the task. These are laid down in the software specification requirement in the form of design-to- specification, and software function and performance specification. At this stage, the software documentation and requirement specification must be complete. The objective is to meet the need for a good specification and meticulously usage of the specification requirement at each level of software development. The objective of this chapter is to describe the analysis and design requirements, identify and classify the design levels, describe the need to design a database, and coordinate and correlate all the steps of the design process. Chapter 7: Object Oriented Analysis and Design – The main objective of this chapter is to introduce the object- oriented methodologies and their applications in the software design process. The OO terminologies, concepts and principles underlying the OO approach are discussed. The process of object identifications and class identifications are introduced in this chapter. You will also learn analysis and design activities are blended in the OO approach. The techniques and associated notations are incorporated into a standard object-oriented language called Unified Modelling Language. The various static and dynamic models are described using UML with examples. Chapter 8: Use Case Diagram – The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these diagrams model the interactions between users (actors) and a system. Use case diagrams are essential for visualizing system behavior, capturing functional requirements, and identifying the roles of users within the system. This chapter aims to equip readers with the

knowledge to create and interpret use case diagrams, ensuring they can effectively define system functionality and user interactions. By the end of the chapter, readers will be able to use these diagrams to enhance communication between stakeholders and improve the overall design process. Chapter 9: Designing Interfaces and Dialogues and Database Design – This chapter covers system interface and dialogue design, focusing on information input, display sequences, and user-computer interaction. It outlines interface and dialogue design rules, navigation between forms and reports, and deliverables. Data requirements are described using interfaces, databases, forms, and reports. Entity-relationship diagrams and graphical notations are introduced for conceptual data modeling. Logical data modeling is explored for structuring data with minimal redundancy and stability over time. The chapter also discusses relational databases, principles of relational data models, and their connection to entity-relationship models to reflect actual data requirements in forms and reports. Chapter 10: Coding and Debugging – Programming is a sequence of statements, called code, which can be executed by a computer. Coding is translating the detailed design of the product into a series of statements. The design specifications are translated into codes in the design phase. The objective of this chapter is to provide a guideline for programmers who can write programming statements with clarity, efficiency, and low cost. The code can further be tested easily and implemented quickly. What are the selection criteria for a suitable programming language, what are the style rules to produce a good code, and what are the types of languages suitable for writing a program are the main objectives of this chapter.

Chapter 11: Software Testing – The objective of system testing is to identify and remove software defects, ensuring error-free operation under specified conditions. Effective testing is crucial for system success, as inadequate testing can lead to long-term problems, with errors becoming more complex over time. Testing early in the process reduces costs by preventing issues later. Additionally, system testing serves as a user-oriented validation tool, ensuring the software meets user needs. This chapter outlines testing dynamics, key terminologies, strategies, techniques, and tools used in testing, emphasizing the importance of test planning and different types of testing in system development. Chapter 12: System Implementation and Maintenance – The objective of this chapter is to identify the software development tasks required for the implementation and maintenance of a software system, to describe the steps for implementation and maintenance of the system, to identify the factors that influence the implementation and maintenance process, and to build up the guidelines for carrying out the implementation and maintenance procedures. This chapter deals with both system implementation and maintenance separately. Chapter 13: Reliability – The objective of this chapter is to emphasize why reliability is required while developing a software package used by the public. Also, it introduces the need for reliability for the developers to apply the concept for a smooth running of the product. The developer should have a sound knowledge of similar terms like quality, reliability, maintainability, availability, etc. The chapter identifies and describes the important properties of good reliability models for software measurement. Developing a software reliability model will help to predict software

products to run faultlessly and to use the models in test planning and software design. Chapter 14: Software Quality – Software quality can be understood in various ways depending on factors such as the person involved, the context, and the type of software system in question. A clearer approach is to define the characteristics of high-quality software. This module aims to describe software quality by outlining the expected properties of superior software. To achieve this, it is essential to consider the perspectives and expectations of users, as well as those involved in the development, management, marketing, and maintenance of the software. Additionally, individual characteristics associated with quality and their interrelationships must be examined, with a focus on the critical aspect of functional correctness. Chapter 15: CASE Studies and Reusability – A good workshop for any craftsperson, including software engineers, requires useful tools, an organized layout, and skilled usage. Software engineers need diverse tools and an efficient workspace. Software development requires an engineering discipline, focusing on common techniques, standard methodologies, and automated tools. The use of automated tools in information system development led to computer-aided software engineering. Chapter 16: Recent Trends and Developments in Software Engineering – Advances in sensors, wireless communications, and mobile devices have enabled ubiquitous software applications that adapt to user contexts. Context-aware applications are widely used in e-commerce, e-learning, and e-healthcare. Capturing and processing contextual information is challenging, requiring new techniques as traditional tools fall short. Barry Boehm highlighted key trends in software engineering, including software-system integration, user-centered design, security,

rapid changes, globalization, and legacy system integration. These trends demand new skills and approaches. Chapter 17: Artificial Intelligence Integration with SDLC – This chapter explores the transformative impact of artificial intelligence on the software development life cycle. As software development processes grow more complex and demand greater efficiency, AI emerges as a pivotal technology that enhances various stages of the SDLC. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of how AI is integrated into each phase of the SDLC—from requirement gathering and analysis to design, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Chapter 18: Integration of Machine Learning in SDLC Process – It outlines how ML can enhance various phases of the SDLC, from requirements gathering to deployment and maintenance. The introduction also discusses the growing relevance of ML in software engineering and the benefits of incorporating intelligent models to automate and optimize SDLC processes. Chapter 19: Unlocking the LLM for SDLC Model – It provides an overview of how LLMs, like GPT-4 and similar advanced models, can be leveraged to optimize various stages of SDLC. The chapter emphasizes the importance of integrating LLMs to automate repetitive tasks, enhance decision-making, and improve software quality. Chapter 20: Model Questions with Answers – Model questions with answers with few solved papers.

Code Bundle and Coloured Images Please follow the link to download the Code Bundle and the Coloured Images of the book: https://rebrand.ly/emhnf75 The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/bpbpublications/Fundamentals-of- Software-Engineering-2nd-Edition. In case there’s an update to the code, it will be updated on the existing GitHub repository. We have code bundles from our rich catalogue of books and videos available at https://github.com/bpbpublications. Check them out! Errata We take immense pride in our work at BPB Publications and follow best practices to ensure the accuracy of our content to provide with an indulging reading experience to our subscribers. Our readers are our mirrors, and we use their inputs to reflect and improve upon human errors, if any, that may have occurred during the publishing processes involved. To let us maintain the quality and help us reach out to any readers who might be having difficulties due to any unforeseen errors, please write to us at : errata@bpbonline.com

Your support, suggestions and feedbacks are highly appreciated by the BPB Publications’ Family. Did you know that BPB offers eBook versions of every book published, with PDF and ePub files available? You can upgrade to the eBook version at www.bpbonline.com and as a print book customer, you are entitled to a discount on the eBook copy. Get in touch with us at : business@bpbonline.com for more details. At www.bpbonline.com, you can also read a collection of free technical articles, sign up for a range of free newsletters, and receive exclusive discounts and offers on BPB books and eBooks. Piracy If you come across any illegal copies of our works in any form on the internet, we would be grateful if you would provide us with the location address or website name. Please contact us at business@bpbonline.com with a link to the material. If you are interested in becoming an author If there is a topic that you have expertise in, and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book, please visit www.bpbonline.com. We have worked with thousands of developers and tech professionals, just like you, to help them share their insights with the global tech community. You can make a general application, apply for a specific hot topic that we are recruiting an author for, or submit your own idea. Reviews Please leave a review. Once you have read and used this book, why not leave a review on the site that you purchased it from? Potential readers can then see and use your unbiased opinion to make purchase decisions. We at BPB can understand what you think about our products, and our authors can see your feedback on their book. Thank you! For more information about BPB, please visit www.bpbonline.com. Join our book’s Discord space Join the book’s Discord Workspace for Latest updates, Offers, Tech happenings around the world, New Release and Sessions with the Authors:

https://discord.bpbonline.com