Modern Approach to C Programming Exploring the foundations of problem-solving through C programming (Amisha Saxena, Nancy Arya, Anil Tanwar) (Z-Library)

Modern Approach to C Programming Exploring the foundations of problem-solving through C programming Amisha Saxena Dr. Nancy Arya Anil Tanwar

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First Edition 2025 Copyright © BPB Publications, India ISBN: 978-93-65896-022 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher with the exception to the program listings which may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they can not be reproduced by the means of publication, photocopy, recording, or by any electronic and mechanical means. LIMITS OF LIABILITY AND DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY The information contained in this book is true to correct and the best of author’s and publisher’s knowledge. The author has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of these publications, but publisher cannot be held responsible for any loss or damage arising from any information in this book. All trademarks referred to in the book are acknowledged as properties of their respective owners but BPB Publications cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. www.bpbonline.com

Dedicated to My daughter and mom – Amisha Saxena My daughter and husband – Dr. Nancy Arya My daughter and wife – Anil Tanwar

About the Authors Amisha Saxena is based in Gurgaon, Haryana, India, and is currently a chief executive officer at Extremum Analytics. Amisha Saxena brings experience from previous roles at EXL. Amisha Saxena holds a 2000 - 2004 Master of Science in Mathematics, Applied Mathematics @ Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani. Dr. Nancy Arya is an associate professor in the department of computer science and engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences at GD Goenka University, Gurugram. She has 13 years of experience, including academics and industry. She also works with various reputed universities and holds administrative experience as well. Her research areas of interest are cloud computing, wireless networking and security, and blockchain. She has more than 30 quality research papers and 13 patents to her credit. She is a professional member of IEEE and CSI. Moreover, She is serving as a member of the reviewer board of various journals (SCI and Scopus indexed) and conferences. She has authored many books in the field of blockchain, and cloud computing with international and national publishers. She is awarded for her strong contribution to Education in Research and Innovation by Women World of India. She is also a nominee for the Outstanding Achievement Award by the Engineered Science Society for her dedication and contribution to the fields of education, science, and engineering. Anil Kumar Tanwar is currently working as a manager/project manager in the technology team (design) of VitzroNextech Co. Ltd, South Korea, Mr. Anil worked as a research engineer/project manager in the field of physics with more than fifteen years of professional experience in R and D, manufacturing, and quality engineering with

an emphasis on vacuum technology, high-frequency THz devices: - design and development of electron sources, super conduction coils, high volume production. Anil has a diverse skill set, with experience as a design engineer on finite element analysis models for various types of electromagnets for accelerator, medical, and education. Earlier, he served as a senior research engineer at an ISO certified electromagnet manufacturing company based in Daegu, South Korea, and Pohang Light Source (PAL) and in the department of physics and astronomy of Seoul National University as a researcher, Anil holds a bachelor’s degree in electronics and communications engineering from the Sabarmati University Gujarat, India. His research interests revolve around IOT-based devices, smart devices, and network security, theory of computation, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Mr. Anil has contributed extensively to the field through his research papers published in reputed journals and conferences. He has also co-authored many Indian utility patents and design patents. He also has a copyright in Canada and a design patent in the UK. In addition to his roles and achievements, Mr. Anil also has expertise in the RF components design, manufacturing, and RF tests for accelerators nuclear fusion reactors; he has expertise in various new communication technologies and processes.

About the Reviewers ❖ Dr. B.K. Verma is a professor and HOD CSE-AI&DS at Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Samalkha, Haryana. He has completed my P.h.D. degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Shridhar University, Pilani. With 18 years of experience in both academia and industry, he is well-equipped to excel in this role. Throughout his academic journey, he has cultivated a deep understanding of Accreditation, NBA, NIRF Ranking, and Data Science and has demonstrated a strong dedication to teaching, research, and mentorship. Furthermore, their research endeavors have focused on Data Warehousing, UML, Database, and Big Data Analytics, resulting in 32 Patents, 48 Publications, and 50 National and International talks. He is particularly interested in Data Science and Data Warehousing Projects. He is eager to collaborate with fellow faculty members and students to address pressing challenges and make meaningful contributions to the field. ❖ Mr. Shailesh Giri is Seasoned Data Science Leader with over 15+ years of work experience in advanced analytics, machine learning across digital, healthcare and US insurance. Crafted a sustainable robust delivery ecosystem that can self-proliferate and drive multi million dollar financial impact. Expertise in improving topline and bottom line of organizations by implementing and deploying best in class analytics interventions.

Acknowledgements We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to everyone who contributed to the successful completion of this book. First and foremost, we extend our sincere appreciation to our family and friends for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this journey. Their belief in us has been a constant source of motivation and inspiration. Special thanks to Dr. B.K. Verma, Professor, HOD-CSE AI&DS, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panipat, Dr. Shakti Kumar, Director, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panipat, Mr. Shailesh Giri, Extreme Analytics, Gurugram, Haryana, Mr. Rakesh Tayal Ji, Vice-Chairman, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panipat, for their invaluable input and contributions. Your insights and constructive feedback were instrumental in shaping the content and enhancing the quality of this book. We are deeply grateful to BPB Publications for their guidance and expertise in the publishing process. Their professional support has been crucial in turning this project into a reality. Our heartfelt thanks also go to the reviewers, technical experts, and editors who provided their valuable feedback and suggestions, significantly refining the manuscript. Your expertise has added tremendous value to this work. Lastly, we extend our gratitude to our readers for their interest in this book. Your support and enthusiasm drive our efforts, and we hope this book serves as a helpful resource in your learning journey. Thank you to everyone who played a part in making this book possible.

Preface Welcome to Modern Approach to C Programming. This book is crafted for learners eager to explore the world of computer programming using the C language. Whether you're a beginner or looking to deepen your understanding, this guide will help you master fundamental concepts and techniques essential for effective programming and problem-solving. In the first unit, Introduction to Computer, we establish a foundation by exploring computer systems, software types, and the principles of programming. This groundwork is vital for diving deeper into programming concepts. The second unit, Tokens, Operators, and Decision Making, covers the building blocks of C programming, including tokens, operators, and decision-making constructs like if-else statements. These skills will empower you to write code that can make choices based on conditions. Next, we explore Handling Arrays and Functions in C. Here, you will learn to manipulate arrays and understand the importance of functions for modular programming, enhancing code readability and reusability. In the final unit, Pointers and Data Files, we delve into advanced features such as pointers for dynamic memory management and file-handling techniques for reading and writing data. Throughout the book, you'll find practical examples and exercises to reinforce your learning. We encourage you to engage actively with the material to build your problem-solving skills. Our goal is to equip you with the tools necessary to tackle programming challenges effectively. Thank you for choosing this book, and let us embark on this exciting journey together! Thank you for choosing Modern Approach to C Programming. We hope this book inspires you to embrace programming as a powerful means of solving problems and creating innovative solutions. Let’s embark on this exciting journey together! Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers - This chapter provides an essential foundation in computer science, covering the basics of computers and their evolution, from early mechanical devices to modern digital

systems. It introduces different types of computers, like personal computers and mainframes, and explains the computer block diagram, detailing core components such as input, processing, storage, and output units. The chapter also explains number systems (binary, decimal, hexadecimal) and conversions, which are fundamental for data representation in computers. It delves into programming languages, including their types, compilers, and key tools like debuggers, linkers, loaders, and assemblers—all necessary for preparing and executing programs in computing environments. This overview equips readers with a foundational understanding of computers, programming, and essential software tools, setting the stage for more advanced studies in computer science. Chapter 2: Overview of C - This chapter provides a fundamental overview of the C programming language, including the key elements and structures that are needed to develop efficient programs. It begins with a brief history and the basic elements of C, including tokens, keywords, and syntax. The chapter then introduces various data types, such as derived data types (arrays, pointers, structures) and specialized types, such as enumerations (enum) and void types, which add flexibility and readability to code. A section on variables and constants follows, explaining how to declare, use, and preserve data values. Operators in C, including arithmetic, logical, relational, and bitwise operators, are examined to perform calculations and control data flow. The chapter then discusses control structures - loops, conditionals, and switches - that enable structured decision-making within programs. Functions are introduced as a means of modular programming, allowing code to be organized and reused. Finally, storage classes in C are covered to explain the scope, visibility, and lifetime of variables, which completes the fundamental knowledge needed to program effectively in C Chapter 3: Operators - This chapter will cover essential operators and input/output functions in C programming, which are fundamental for performing operations and handling data. Topics include arithmetic operators for basic calculations, relational operators for comparing values, logical operators for combining conditions, and bitwise operators for manipulating individual bits of data. Unary operators, assignment, and conditional operators will also be discussed, as well as how operator precedence and associativity affect the evaluation of expressions. Additionally, the chapter will introduce both unformatted and formatted

input/output functions in C, enabling efficient handling of user input and data display. These topics provide the building blocks for controlling the flow and manipulating data in C programs Chapter 4: Control Statements - Control statements in C programming are used to manage the flow of program execution by making decisions or repeating actions based on certain conditions. These statements enable programs to perform different tasks depending on logical conditions, control the repetition of code through loops, and alter the flow with jumps or exits. They include decision-making statements like if and switch, repetition structures such as loops, and flow-altering statements like break, continue, and goto. Chapter 5: Functions - In C programming, functions are modular units that perform specific tasks, enhancing code organization and reusability. A function definition specifies the body of the function, including its name, return type, and actions. The function prototype is a declaration that introduces the function’s signature (name, return type, parameters) to the compiler before its use. Parameter passing techniques, by value and by reference, control whether functions receive copies of arguments or references to original data. Recursion occurs when a function calls itself, useful for tasks like calculating factorials or performing tree traversals. Built-in functions (like printf and scanf) provide common utilities, while user-defined functions can accept arrays as parameters. Although functions cannot directly return arrays, they can return pointers to arrays or use dynamic allocation to manipulate and return arrays, allowing flexible data handling Chapter 6: Arrays - This chapter will introduce readers to array and string handling, two essential topics in programming for efficiently organizing and managing data. It will begin with a clear definition of arrays, explaining how they function as collections of elements stored under a single variable name, with each element accessible by an index. The chapter will explore the different types of arrays – such as one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays – and explain their specific use cases and benefits in data management. Next, the chapter will focus on string handling, covering the basics of creating, accessing, and modifying strings. Key string manipulation techniques, including concatenation, slicing, searching, and formatting, will be discussed to help readers work effectively

with text data. Through these topics, readers will gain the foundational skills for handling structured data and manipulating textual information within their programs Chapter 7: Pointers and Data Files -In this chapter, we will discuss in depth the essential concepts of C programming that lay the groundwork for efficient and robust application development. We begin with structures and unions, which enable the grouping of related variables of different data types under a single unit. Next, we explore pointers, a fundamental feature for directly accessing and manipulating memory, and their application in working with arrays for dynamic and flexible data handling. The chapter also introduces dynamic memory allocation, a technique for optimizing memory usage during runtime, and pointers with strings, emphasizing efficient string manipulation. Further, we transition to data file handling, discussing the process of opening and closing files and performing I/O operations on files, which are crucial for storing and retrieving data in real- world applications. These topics collectively equip readers with the skills to effectively handle advanced programming scenarios

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Table of Contents 1. Introduction to Computers Introduction Structure Objectives Overview of computers Definition of computer Evolution of computers First-generation (1940-1956) Second-generation (1956-1963) Third-generation (1964-1971) Fourth-generation (1971-Present) Fifth and sixth-generation (Present and Beyond) Types of computers Supercomputers Mainframe computers Minicomputers (Mid-range computers) Microcomputers Workstations Servers Embedded computers Hybrid computers Computer block diagram and description Input unit Central processing unit

Functions of the CPU Types of CPUs Importance of the CPU Modern CPU features Memory unit Primary memory Random access memory Read-only memory Secondary memory Hard disk drives Solid state drives Other secondary storage options Output unit Number systems Conversion between number systems Decimal to binary conversion Binary to decimal conversion Decimal to octal conversion Octal to decimal conversion Decimal to hexadecimal conversion Hexadecimal to decimal conversion Binary to octal and hexadecimal Octal and hexadecimal to binary Arithmetic of number systems Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Introduction to programming language Types of programming languages Low-level language

High-level language Assembly language Machine language Introduction to compiler Explanation of a compiler Types of compilers Interpreter Debugger Functions of a debugger Types of debuggers Importance of debugging Linker Types of linker Loader Types of loaders Assembler Process of assembly Types of assemblers Conclusion Exercises 2. Overview of C Introduction Structure Objectives Overview of C Evolution in C Elements of C Data types Int

Declaring and using int Signed vs. unsigned int Integer overflow float Precision of float Scientific notation Common operations on float Double Declaring and using double Arithmetic operations with double Char Memory representation ASCII representation Character arrays and strings Unsigned char Character arithmetic Derived data types Arrays Pointers Functions Structures Enumeration types (enum) and void data type Enumeration types (enum) Void data type Variables Variable naming rules Constants Operators Control structures Conditional statements Looping statements