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Quantum Computing Concepts (Sudeep Satheesan Sri Mounica Kalidasu) (z-library.sk, 1lib.sk, z-lib.sk)

Author Sudeep Satheesan & Sri Mounica Kalidasu

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Quantum Computing Concepts Fundamentals, circuits, and code Sudeep Satheesan Sri Mounica Kalidasu www.bpbonline.com
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First Edition 2025 Copyright © BPB Publications, India eISBN: 978-93-65898-637 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher with the exception to the program listings which may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they can not be reproduced by the means of publication, photocopy, recording, or by any electronic and mechanical means. LIMITS OF LIABILITY AND DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY The information contained in this book is true to correct and the best of author’s and publisher’s knowledge. The author has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of these publications, but publisher cannot be held responsible for any loss or damage arising from any information in this book. All trademarks referred to in the book are acknowledged as properties of their respective owners but BPB Publications cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
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www.bpbonline.com
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Dedicated to Schrödinger’s Cat and The Next Generation of Quantum Pioneers
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• • About the Authors Sudeep Satheesan is an Enterprise Architect with over two decades of experience in machine learning, cloud, distributed computing, Generative AI and quantum computing. He began exploring quantum computing six years ago and has conducted sessions at reputed institutes such as NIT Raipur and SRM University. Sudeep has co-authored a research paper related to quantum computing titled A Scalable 5,6-Qubit Grover’s Quantum Search Algorithm. He recently published an article exploring the application of the Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm to the classic household game ‘Chor-Police.’ Outside of his professional pursuits, Sudeep is deeply passionate about football and chess. In addition to his love for strategy and sports, he channels his creativity into storytelling and is the author of two fiction books. Sri Mounica Kalidasu is a software engineer with 8 years of experience specializing in Data Science, Generative AI, cloud technologies and quantum computing. She has 6 months of experience in quantum computing and holds a bachelor’s degree in Physics from IIT Guwahati. She further pursued a postgraduate degree in Business Analytics and Applications from IIM Trichy.
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She has co-authored a research paper related to quantum computing titled A Scalable 5,6-Qubit Grover’s Quantum Search Algorithm. With a strong foundation in both classical and quantum computing paradigms, she actively explores advancements in quantum algorithms, machine learning applications, and cloud-based quantum computing platforms.
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❖ ❖ About the Reviewers Dr. Tahir Manzoor is working as an Assistant Professor at JBIET, Hyderabad. His areas of expertise are Mathematics and Quantum Technology. He is engaged in applying the Clifford algebra approach in quantum computing, quantum information theory, and quantum cryptography. Additionally, he participates in the review process of books and research articles related to his field of expertise. He has recently been awarded the title of Excellent Reviewer by a peer- reviewed journal. He is continuously exploring new subdomains of quantum technology. Madhuri Konnur is a Freelancer, quantum enthusiast, and hackathon activist. She has over 14 years of IT experience in various domains like Retail, Energy, EdTech, Transport, and Supply Chain, among others. Her recent focus has been on research related to real- time implementations of quantum computing in areas like Security quantum key distribution (QKD), Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC), Quantum Sensors, and Quantum AI. Having had opportunities to solve complex problems in Data Science and machine learning like Replenishment Optimization in SCM, customer churning in EdTech marketing, X-ray prediction during Covid, etc., it is more promising to work on Quantum real-time problem solving. She has also been part of Womanium Global
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Quantum, Women in Optics and Photonics (WOPI). She has authored various technical articles on Medium and LinkedIn. She enjoys networking with Research scientists and startup enthusiasts in various events organized by companies, to understand the latest trends/innovations/ideas and where the IT market is heading.
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Acknowledgements Quantum computing may be a field of probabilities, but one thing we are certain of is that this book would not have been possible without the invaluable support of many individuals and organizations. We extend our deepest gratitude to BPB Publications for their guidance and expertise in bringing this book to life. The journey of refining and structuring this work has been an adventure, made possible by the insightful collaboration of reviewers, technical experts, and editors who contributed their time and knowledge to ensure the highest quality content. Writing about quantum computing has felt at times like wielding an Infinity Gauntlet, each concept adding a new dimension of power but requiring immense precision to avoid unintended paradoxes. We sincerely appreciate the pioneers in this field whose research has laid the groundwork for this book, making it possible for others to explore and understand the quantum realm. Finally, to the readers, whether you are enthusiasts, students, researchers, or future quantum computing superheroes, thank you for your curiosity and passion. The quantum revolution is just beginning, and much like the Avengers assembling to face challenges beyond imagination, the collective effort of bright minds will shape the future of computation.
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Preface Quantum computing is ushering in a new era of computational capabilities, challenging the fundamental limitations of classical computing and opening doors to unprecedented possibilities. As researchers, engineers, and enthusiasts navigate this rapidly evolving landscape, a solid understanding of quantum principles, algorithms, and applications is essential. This book serves as a comprehensive guide to the core concepts of quantum computing, from foundational quantum mechanics to practical implementations using contemporary tools such as Qiskit and IBM Q. By exploring topics such as superposition, entanglement, quantum gates, quantum error correction, and quantum communication, this book aims to provide readers with the knowledge required to grasp the nuances of quantum information processing and computation. Throughout this book, we cover various aspects of quantum computing, starting with the fundamental principles that distinguish it from classical computing. We examine the different types of quantum computers and their architectures, ensuring readers understand the diverse approaches taken in the field. Moving forward, we explore quantum gates and circuits, their mathematical representations, and their role in quantum computation. Practical tools such as Qiskit and IBM Q are introduced to
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help readers experiment with quantum algorithms and gain hands-on experience. Additionally, the book covers crucial topics like quantum communication, error correction, and the design of classical gates using quantum gates, offering a holistic perspective on the potential and challenges of quantum computing. Chapter 1: Principles of Quantum Computing- Introduces the fundamental concepts of quantum computing, including the nature of subatomic particles, fundamental quantum mechanics principles, and key quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement. Chapter 2: Types of Quantum Computers- Provides an overview of different types of quantum computers, their architectures, and how they differ from classical computing paradigms. Chapter 3: Superposition and Entanglement- Explores the key quantum principles that distinguish quantum computing from classical computing and their implications for computational efficiency. Chapter 4: Quantum Gates and Circuits- Covers the basic building blocks of quantum circuits, including various quantum gates and their mathematical representations. Chapter 5: Introduction to Qiskit and IBM Q- Introduces readers to the Qiskit framework and IBM Q, providing hands-on experience in running quantum experiments. Chapter 6: Design of Classical Logic Gates Using Quantum Gates- Examines how classical logic gates can
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be designed using quantum gates and their implications in computational models. Chapter 7: Quantum Communication- Discusses key aspects of quantum communication, including superdense coding, quantum teleportation, and quantum key distribution. Chapter 8: Quantum Error Correction- Explains the necessity of error correction in quantum computing and various techniques used to mitigate errors. Chapter 9: Quantum Algorithms- Introduces fundamental quantum algorithms such as Grover’s search and Shor’s algorithm, demonstrating how quantum computing can outperform classical methods in specific problem domains. Chapter 10: Applications of Quantum Computers Across Industries- Explores how quantum computing is revolutionizing various industries, including cryptography, optimization, healthcare, material science, and artificial intelligence. This book is designed for students, researchers, and professionals who are eager to understand and apply quantum computing principles. Whether you are new to the field or seeking to deepen your knowledge, this book provides structured guidance with theoretical insights, mathematical foundations, and practical examples to bridge the gap between theory and application. By the end of this book, readers will have a strong foundation in quantum computing concepts, an appreciation for the current state of the technology, and a clear vision of the transformative impact quantum
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computing may have on fields such as cryptography, optimization, artificial intelligence, and beyond. I hope this book serves as a valuable resource in your journey into the fascinating world of quantum computing.
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Code Bundle and Coloured Images Please follow the link to download the Code Bundle and the Coloured Images of the book: https://rebrand.ly/8a7jd7a The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/bpbpublications/Quantum- Computing-Concepts. In case there’s an update to the code, it will be updated on the existing GitHub repository. We have code bundles from our rich catalogue of books and videos available at https://github.com/bpbpublications. Check them out! Errata We take immense pride in our work at BPB Publications and follow best practices to ensure the accuracy of our content to provide with an indulging reading experience to our subscribers. Our readers are our mirrors, and we use their inputs to reflect and improve upon human errors, if any, that may have occurred during the publishing processes involved. To let us maintain the quality and help us reach out to
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any readers who might be having difficulties due to any unforeseen errors, please write to us at : errata@bpbonline.com Your support, suggestions and feedbacks are highly appreciated by the BPB Publications’ Family. Did you know that BPB offers eBook versions of every book published, with PDF and ePub files available? You can upgrade to the eBook version at www.bpbonline.com and as a print book customer, you are entitled to a discount on the eBook copy. Get in touch with us at : business@bpbonline.com for more details. At www.bpbonline.com, you can also read a collection of free technical articles, sign up for a range of free newsletters, and receive exclusive discounts and offers on BPB books and eBooks. Piracy If you come across any illegal copies of our works in any form on the internet, we would be grateful if you would provide us with the location address or website name. Please contact us at
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business@bpbonline.com with a link to the material. If you are interested in becoming an author If there is a topic that you have expertise in, and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book, please visit www.bpbonline.com. We have worked with thousands of developers and tech professionals, just like you, to help them share their insights with the global tech community. You can make a general application, apply for a specific hot topic that we are recruiting an author for, or submit your own idea. Reviews Please leave a review. Once you have read and used this book, why not leave a review on the site that you purchased it from? Potential readers can then see and use your unbiased opinion to make purchase decisions. We at BPB can understand what you think about our products, and our authors can see your feedback on their book. Thank you! For more information about BPB, please visit www.bpbonline.com.
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Join our book’s Discord space Join the book’s Discord Workspace for Latest updates, Offers, Tech happenings around the world, New Release and Sessions with the Authors: https://discord.bpbonline.com
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Table of Contents 1. Principles of Quantum Computing Introduction Structure Objectives Fundamental principles of quantum behavior Quantum stage Quantum ensemble and the role of subatomic particles Entanglement and quantum synchronization Electrons Discoveries about photons in the field of quantum mechanics Evolution of quantum mechanics Birth of quantum mechanics Wave-particle duality Uncertainty principle and matrix mechanics Quantum entanglement Birth of quantum electrodynamics Quantum information and computing Quantum teleportation and quantum entanglement experiments Quantum technologies and quantum supremacy Superposition
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